College of Arts and Sciences

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The Effects of varying levels of mungbean pulp on the performance of Peterson broilers
(1989-03) Badival, Elena Tarlit,
The major purpose of this study was to obtain a baseline information on possible feed supplements for poultry. Specifically, it was conducted to determine the effects of varying levels of mungbean pulp on the performance of Peterson broilers. It was intended to determine further level that will give the best result not only on weight performance but also on net return per bird. A total of eighty chicks were used as subjects on the study. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used. Blue Ribbon Feeds were used as base ration and dried mungbean pulp was used as feed supplement. Four treatments used were as follows: T0 - Control== pure commercial feeds (no mungbean pulp added) T1 - 15 percent mungbean pulp mixed with commercial feeds T2 - 25 percent mungbean pulp mixed with commercial feeds T3 - 35 percent mungbean pulp mixed with commercial feeds. Data gathered were initial weight, feed consumption, gain in weight, feed conversion efficiency and total weight.This study yielded the following specific findings: Highly significant differences exist among the different treatments in terms of feed consumption, gain in weight, fee conversion efficiency and total weight. These aspects decreased as the percentage of mung bean pulp mixed with the base ration was increased. Palatability was one factor that affected these. In terms of gain in weight, T0 (Control) had a mean gain in weight of 6,419 kilograms. Among the treatments given mung bean pulp preparations, T1 (15 percent mung bean pulp) has the next gain in weight of 6.0 kilograms followed by T2 (25 percent mung bean pulp) with a mean gain in weight of 5.425. T3 (35 percent mung bean pulp) had the least mean gain in weight of 4.696. However, no significant statistical difference was found between the birds fed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp. In terms of feed consumption, the birds fed with pure commercial feeds had a mean consumption of 12. 874 kilograms, the bird fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp with 12.492 kilograms, the birds with 25 percent mung bean pulp with 12.452 kilograms and the birds with 35 percent mung bean pulp with 12.038 kilograms. In the aspect of feed conversion efficiency, T0 had the highest feed conversion efficiency with a mean of 2.006. Among those given mung bean pulp. T1 had a feed conversion efficiency of 2.084, T2 with 2.578 and T3 with 2.243. No statistical significant difference was found between the birds fed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp. In terms of total weight. T0 had the highest mean total weight among the treatments, with a mean total weight of 6.592 kilograms. Among the treatments given mung bean pulp preparation, the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp gave the best result with a mean total weight of 6.175 kilograms, the birds given 25 percent mung bean pulp with 5.6 kilograms and the birds given 35 percent mung bean pulp with 4.862 kilograms. Again no significant statistical difference was found between the birds fed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp. Highly significant differences exist among the different treatment means in terms of total expenses incurred. Total expenses incurred decreased as the percentage mung bean pulp mixed commercial feeds was increased. The birds fed with pure commercial feeds incurred the highest mean production cost of ₱179.67, the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp with ₱170.82, the birds fed with 25 percent mung bean pulp with ₱166.565 and the birds fed with 25 percent mung bean pulp with ₱160.00. Highly significant differences exist among the different treatments in terms of total profit. The total profit decreased as the percentage of mung bean pulp mixed with commercial feeds was increased. The birds fed with pure commercial feeds has the highest mean total profit of 60.84, the birds given 15 percent mung bean pulp with 63.82, the birds fed with 25 percent mung bean pulp with 46.236 and the birds fed with 35 percent mung bean pulp with 24.77. No statistical difference was found between birds fed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp. Feed consumption patterns are not consistent, as such the feed conversion efficiency as well. Improved palatability of mung bean pulp meal will improve feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency as well. As a whole, there is no significant statistical difference in terms of gain in weight, feed conversion efficiency, total weight and total profit between birds feed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed 15% mung bean pulp which proves that this treatment or mixture is best as a feed supplement for Peterson broilers. 1. Find out ways of improving mung bean pulp palatability to improve feed consumption and consequently improve feed conversion efficiency and total gain in weight as well. 2. Find out what point in poultry growing is mung bean pulp best given.
Drama and theater arts: Their acceptability in the teaching of English in the tertiary level
(1989-09) Ocampo, Jose S.
Both drama and theater arts share a fundamental concern for languages particularly the spoken word. Both can help build up; more flexible approach specifically in the teaching and learning of English as a second language. The various aspects of drama and theater arts are important in language lessons not merely insofar as the use of words in a language is concerned but also very significantly, in the effectiveness of voice and diction as means of express lion. The research methodology applied in this study is a combination of experimental and descriptive methods. First semester of the school year 1988-89, To make the interpretation of the data reliable, valid and with depth, statistical techniques such as percentage and ranking were used. Drama and theater arts produced satisfactory effects on the part of the students, professors, department heads and dean of school, as shown by the students’ ability to express their ideas through the script in dramatic arts, and through the written works based on an assigned beta-movie/film of a play end the theater arts, The problems that possibly occur in the teaching of English integrating or using drama are: shyness among students and non-cooperation on the part as well. The possible solutions to the problems met by the professors in teaching English integrating drama lessons and instructions are group contests and praise given to students. This study is recommended for use of professors in teaching English at the tertiary level so that students may become aware of the different linguistic demands placed upon them when they assume various social roles. Acting out on the part of the students may help them experience and distinguish the appropriateness of number of social registers.
Images of the Cordillera in selected Filipino children's literature
(1991) Orendain, Margarita R.
There is an entire body of Filipino children's Literature between the concern of publishers, writers and illustrators since the 1960s. There is also a considerable body of Filipino children's Literature on the Cordillera that began to be written even before this time. However, other than the form of analysis represented in the selection of worthwhile books made by early and recent award-giving bodies in the country, little discussion along scholarly lines has been done. It is in this context that this study proposed to delineate the images of the Cordillera in selected Filipino children's literature. Specifically, this study proposed to investigate the genres into which such literature may be classified, the themes of and the images reflected in them, and the results of a comparison between the images reflected and the objective description of the Cordillera, its people and its culture as recorded in the social science materials. To arrive at the answer to these problems, 46 prose works for children on the 7 ethno linguistic groups of the Cordillera were analyzed. After classifying the stories and articles into the genres of children's literature in general, a discussion followed regarding their content, the aspects or features on Cordillera life such literature treated and from which the themes were identified, the images of the Cordillera drawn from such themes and how these compare with anthropological and sociological data on the land, its people and its culture, and finally, a consideration of these selected texts as true literature. The study basically used the descriptive method, supplemented by library research and, where needed, the interview technique. Library research involved tracing the children's books back to their publication houses in Metro Manila and locating relevant and valuable sources in the libraries and special collections of institutions and individuals in Baguio City and Metro Manila. Interviews too were conducted in these places. Two literary approaches were further made use of. The formalistic approach was utilized in determining the different genres into which selected prose works may be grouped and in classifying these same works under those genres. The sociological approach was utilized in delineating the relationship among particular works on the Cordillera, the objective description of the people and culture, and the possible perceptions of the reading audience for whom the literature has been written. This need to compare material from different disciplines led then to the additional use of the interdisciplinary approach. The 46 children's stories and articles selected for analysis in this study fall under 5 genres: realistic or modern fiction, informational books, modern fantasy, picture story books and traditional or folk literature. Themes of family life, social living, friendship, beliefs and rituals, and change are the focus of these works that reflect the images of a land precious to the people to whom it has provided a home, bountiful resources and varied economic activities; of a people for whom family and children are important and for whom family and village life is characterized by cooperative behavior; and of a culture steeped in a system of beliefs in the supernatural which exerts control and influence over every aspect of human living but which may be appeased and appealed to in the form of rituals. A comparison of these works and an objective description of the Cordillera reveal that children's literature GA the Cordillera generally present no glaring misrepresent2tion of the land, its people and its culture. However, what may give rise to misimpressions or an inaccurate picture includes the portrayal of a land not distinctly characteristic of the Cordillera in its terrain, houses and name; of a people not known for their more accurate names, village life and fiercely independent and proud nature; and of a culture whose deities axe indiscriminately named and whose practices become a source of un-founded descriptions. These findings and conclusions lead to recommendations that w:4imarily focus on the studied care with which the text and illustrations of Filipino children's literature should be prepared; on the serious responsibility that falls on these writers and illustrators; on the promotion of and encouragement of Interest in such literature; and or the great need for farther investigation of certain aspects in such literature and in all children's literature on the Cordillera.
Towards an indigenous political theory for the Kankanaeys of Kayan
(1992-10) Lumsit, Macario T.
A philosophical analysis of the Kankanaeys’ cultural practices and institutions shed light to their concept of the good and just life. This concept is manifested in their indigenous labor practices, land use and management, political institutions which include conflict resolution, and those religious practices which are relevant to land use and management, labor relations, and conflict resolutions. The study covered the two barangays of Kayan considering that they have the same cultural practices data had been gathered using key informant interviews and participant observation. The practices and institutions were analyzed and interpreted within the realm of Aristotle’s, Confucious, Rawls’ philosophy and other relevant liberal philosophies. Kayan’s socio-economic-political practices and institutions can be divided according to themes implicit in them. The promotion of familiar harmony is fostered in the devolution of properties, corporate management of lakun, preference of relatives in the sale and mortgage of lands, practices of gamal and saad where male relatives are called for to assist in laying down the foundation of a kin’s house. Cooperation among the villagers is promoted in the observance of practices which are reciprocal in nature: the agag which is an informal organization of women during the planting and harvesting season; the free labor practices which accomplishes community-oriented projects that are short of funds or unfunded; the ambon, which is the community’s means of reciprocating what a concerned person did in time of death in the community, and; oo which is an obligatory contribution of one or two chupas dependent on the age of the dead person. The cooperation among villagers is further enhanced by: the corporate management of payas solidifying farmers who share the same irrigation canal and who assume the consequential responsibilities; the management of communal forests and pastures and the free usufruct of owned lands balancing socio-economic inequalities among the villagers. On the political plane, the batog institution is maintained to serve the following functions: a.) where community meetings are held b.) where rites are performed c.) where the simana of the day are based for immediate dispatch, and; d.) where conflict-resolution at the agom level is conducted. The concept of justice is reflected in their search for truth and the desire to maintain harmony with their fellowmen and nature. Instrumental in the realization of such are the local leaders who are chosen from the pool of the amam-a, who are looked up to for their wealth of information and adherence to the kasigudan which serves as the mean in both decision-making and conflict-resolution. They are also authoritative in the performance of rites to give nature its due or to harmonize the body and soul after an emotional settlement. of disputes. The concept of social justice is reflected in the wilfull performance of their obligation. The focal point of the community’s life patterns is the maintenance of harmony, solidarity and community consciousness. Familial harmony is promoted by practices which dictate kins’ functions towards others. The institution of the batog imposes obligations which are reciprocal in nature to all members. One’s performance of his functions determines how the community responds to him in time of need. To maintain reciprocity, conflict-resoltion is to generally conciliatory, where justice sought is inadequate, the ab-abiik or daw-es is performed for the party concerned the observance of which tempers the concerned not to revenge and leave to the unseen the task of completing the justice due. Whereteh good is aimed for the individual, be it in his work, family life, or the unforeseen future, the appropriate ritual is performed giving nature or the unseen spirits their due share. Although socio-economic inequality is felt in the community, it is balanced by practices which promote socio-economic harmony. The area remains to be an open society. Cash economy had not fully entered to create rigid class distinction that will eventually result to Marxian concept of class conflict. However, the lil effects of cash economy is beginning to be felt in others’ negligence of their obligation. To safeguard the existing beneficial practices institutions, the following are recommended: A study focusing on a critique of the practices and is significant in looking at their relevance to community's concept of the good and just life; the introduction of radical changes can be tempered by an interface study of indigenous practices and institutions and national policies - such help find congruence and conflict of the two. On the practical level, the batog institution including its functions, the tongtong as a means of settling disputes deserve preservation. To those development planner, the practices and institutions are to be tapped in the realization of their project's. Lastly, the schools in the area should take the initiative of teaching the rationale of their practices and institutions so that the young will not lose track of what had been binding the community for long.
Clientelism and electoral politics: A case study of the local government of Mangatarem
(1994-07) Masaoay, Sonia G.
This is a case study of politics in Mangatarem, Pangasinan in specific electoral periods: 1963, 1967q 1971 and 1980 focusinq on the leadership strategies of Jorge C. Mendoza who won in the aforementioned years and was able to hold on to power for twenty two uninterrupted years. As far as evidence in this study is concerned, mayor Mendoza resorted to clientelism in the form of personalistic benefits and patronage practices. The key informant interviewing was employed in this study and the respondents were determined based on McCall's and Simmons' snowball sampling. Mangatarem’s electoral politics and Mendoza's leadership strategies were analyzed in the light of Lande's theory of clientelism. Mangatarem's electoral politics was marked by the reciprocal relationships between the voters and the leader. During elections, voters give preference to a person with whom they have some special connection or from whom they expect to retain employment, public work benefits or other forms of material incentives. Once elected, the leader will have to continue dispensing favors to his supporters in order to be elected in the future elections. Evidences in this study reveal that two factors are responsible for Mendoza' s ability to win in four election periods namely; clientelism and his leadership qualities. Clientelist or pate. Yage practices were not alien to the townspeople since they were resorted to by the mayor's predecessors. Clientelism took various forms like clientelism by “issue bandwagoning”, clientelism by persona patronage and clientelism by charisma. Clientelism by "issue bandwagoning" was a strategy wherein the mayor, in his desire to gain the peoples' mandate sensationalized issues or problems and attacked his opponents' inability to solve the same. On the other hand, he depicted himself as the man who could cure such problems. Jorge Mendoza also employed clientelism by personal patronage, which was characterized by his skillful ability to dispense favors, jobs, aids and beneficial projects such as feeder roads and bridges to his constituents. The voters in turn expressed their debt of gratitude to Mendoza through their unwavering loyalty and support during elections. Alongside these, the mayor was also judged according to his leadership qualities and his ability to maintain smooth interpersonal relationship (SIR) with the people and this could be labeled as clientelism by charisma. In a rural community like Mangatarem, the voters put premium on smooth interpersonal relations as well as the humility and good naturedness of the leader. Finally, SIR in the form of friendly words, good gestures, and the avoidance to hurt the feelings of others governed the relationship between the leader and his constituents. Clientelism, which involves the allocation of patronage resources by the leader to his constituents, still a very important factor in the choice of a leader. A leader seeking another term must maintain his image as a patron who is expected to render assistance in times of the peoples' needs, be it personal family problems or public exigencies. Lest he be forgotten by his constituents, the leader must give priority to infrastructure projects in order to leave a lasting impression upon the people. This strategy was more prevalent in the rural areas like Mangatarem because of the farmers' dependency upon the landlords who also maintained the image of patrons and as such had seeped through the mainstream of local politics. Furthermore, the voters choice of leader also hinged on their socio-economic status. Since the leader was seen primarily as a dispenser of jobs, those who belong to the lower class have the tendency to consider candidates who could uplift their living conditions. This voting behavior showed the Filipinos' personalistic orientations during elections. Leadership selection is a very important political exercise and as such it must be anchored on the capabilities of the candidates to lead the people. Mayor Mendoza was able to hold on to power because of patronage politics and the personalistic benefits he had granted to his constituents. Since these practices have corruptive effects, the following are recommended: an in-depth study on the ill effects of patronage practices in various places of the country both at the local and national levels must be conducted. Efforts must also be exerted toward=, voter' conscientization so that they may know the true essence of elect ions. Conscientization carries with it a political awareness from the people that leaders are dispensers of duties, not favors. Seminars of this kind could be a joint effort of the government and non-government organizations which must be launched at the national and local levels prior to every election. Moreover, academicians, social and political scientists must also take part in conscientizing the voters since they possess the necessary tools, scholarly training and research skills. Lastly, in order to minimize the corruptive effects of patronage practices, Philippine election laws must be strictly implemented and observed by the voters and the candidates respectively.
Factors in the political participation of college students
(1997-02) Martinez, Brenda Cruz
This study focused on the participation of college students in the political process. Officers of the supreme student government were chosen as respondents since they were perceived to be more active in politics than the other students, electoral activity and voting behavior were the indices used to measure political participation. The influence of the family or parental influence and mass media exposure were measured to find out how they affected the political participation of a respondent. Questionnaires were given to officers of the Supreme Student Government of the different schools in Baguio City. Before the data were treated, the method of summation was used in order to know the real score of each item in the questionnaire. Percentage difference was then used to know the relationship between political participation as the dependent variable and mass media exposure and parental influence as the independent variables, respectively. Test variables included age, gender, type of community respondent is from, course and year level. There is no significant relationship between political participation and parental influence; the Faine is true with the relationship between politic81 participation and mass media exposure. However, if test variables are introduced in determining their relationship, then there would be a considerable change in their relationship. Using year level as a test variable between political participation and parental influence yielded an insignificant relationship. Gender, age, course and type of community respondent is from provided a significant relationship between the two variables mentioned above. Gender, year level and course as test variables gave a significant relationship between political participation and mass media exposure; age and type of community did not affect the relationship of the dependent and independent variables. Parental influence and mass media exposure can be considered as factors of political participation only If test variables are introduced in determining the relationship between the former variables. Gender, age, course and type of community affect the relationship between political participation and parental influence; gender, year level and course affect the relationship between mass media exposure and political participation. Gender is a test variable which affects the relationship both between parental influence and political participation and mass media exposure and political participation. This is specially true in the case of “females.” It is therefore highly recommended that organizers of NGs, especially women groups, take measures to make women more aware of their role in politics. This can even lead to the realization of a women’s vote in the future. A voters education program may be set up by the government to raise the political awareness of the people. The youth should be trained on their civic, communal and political rights and duties. People’s groups can be organized to present issues which can be done hand in hand with mass media.
Performance of executive powers among punong barangays in Benguet
(1997-03) Bacuso, Malcom P.
The study is focused on the presentation and analysis' of the performance level of powers and functions among punong barangays in Benguet. Along this line, the problems encountered in the performance of powers and functions were identified. The foregoing areas considered, their corresponding implications on local governance were brought out. The study sought to present the performance :level of executive powers among punong barangays in Benguet. Specifically, the study is concerned with the questions: What is the performance level of executive powers of the punong barangays in: a. agricultural barangays, and b. non-agricultural barangays? What are the problems encountered in the performance of powers by the punong barangays in a. agricultural barangays, and b. non-agricultural barangays? 3. Is there a significant difference between the performance level and the problems encountered by the punong barangays in agricultural and non-agricultural barangays in the following areas: a. enforcement of laws; b. delivery of basic services; c. cooperative undertakings; d. preparation of budget; e. human resource development; f. local legislation, and g. judicial administration? The study covered 40 punong barangays as respondents. They are classified into two categories: agricultural punong barangays (35) and non-agricultural punong barangays (5). Data had been gathered using performance checklists, self-administered questionnaires and, interviews. The performance of powers and the problems encountered thereon were presented and analyzed within the purview of R.A. 7160 respecting the barangays. The data gathered were treated using statistical tools like frequency counts and ranking. The same data were further tested using t-test and Friedman Rank Test. The performance level of powers by the punong barangays is descriptively average. This is true in both agricultural and non-agricultural barangays. Specifically, the punong,; barangays are moderately low in the enforcement of laws. cooperative undertakings, human resource development and local legislation. But they are above average in the delivery of basic services, preparation of budget and judicial administration. The top most problems encountered by the punong barangays in the perfcTmance of their powers are inadequacy of funds and resources, inadequacy of training and expertise, lack of support from the higher levels of government and from the residents. These problems are present in both groups of harangays. In particular, inadequacy of funds is the outstanding problem. The data gathered and analyzed in this study disclosed the following conclusions: 1. The performance level of executive powers in both agricultural and non-agricultural barangays is the same. Hence, the economic status of the barangays does not affect the performance of powers. 2. Except in the area of human resource development, the problems encountered by the punong barangays in the performance of powers are the same in both categories of barangays. Therefore, the economic condition of the barangays is immaterial to the performance of powers. 3. There is no significant difference between the performance level and the problems encountered by the punong barangays in agricultural and non-agricultural barangays, except in human resource development insofar as the problems are concerned. 4. Inadequacy of funds is a major problem in the governance of the barangays. Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered: 1. There is a need to upgrade and improve the performance level of powers by the punong barangays in Benguet, specifically in the areas of enforcement of laws, cooperative undertakings, human resource development and barangay legislation. 2. There is a need to increase the financial resources of the barangay government so that the punong barangays will perform their powers and functions more effectively. 3. Similarly there is a necessity to improve and enhance the linkages between and among barangay governments, other LGUs, NGOs and POs. 4. Finally, there is a need to upgrade the knowledge of the punong barangays in local governance. The study is limited to the descriptive analysis of the performance level of executive powers and the Problems encountered thereon by the punong barangays. Therefore, the following are recommended areas for further study: 1. Performance of legislative powers and the problems encountered thereon by the members Of the sangguniang barangays. 2. Performance of powers and functions and the problems encountered by appointive barangay officials like the secretary and treasurer. 3. Performance of powers in the barangays of other provinces particularly in the Cordilleras. 4. Overall administrative capability of the barangay governments to deliver basic services.
The political socialization of senior political science in three selected schools of Baguio City
(1998-08) De Leon, Henry Palaganas
This is a comparative survey study on the political socialization of senior Political Science students from Baguio Colleges Foundation, Saint Louis University and University of the Philippines College in Baguio. The political socialization embraced the students' reading and viewing interests as well as their preferences and participation in school organizations and community endeavors. In this descriptive-survey study, the questionnaire checklist was utilized to obtain the vital responses of the students. The data gathered were analyzed and interpreted using statistical aids like the Friedman two- way analysis of variance by ranks, the average weighted value based on the Likert's scale, the three-group analysis of variance (F--test) and t-test. From the data presented and analyzed, the following are the findings: 1. As to articles wherein a majority of the students in a school alternatively have interest vis-a-vis apolitical subject matters, there are those which pertain to the Philippine Stock Exchange, price increase housing problems, prostitution, Euthanasia Law, child prostitution and Daily Gospel. 2. There are five cases in this research wherein a majority of students of the three schools (BCF, SLU and UPCB) concur in reading interest 3. There were no significant differences in the reading and viewing interests of the students from the three schools. 4. There were no significant differences in the preferences and participation of students in school organizations. 5. BCF and SLU students have more or less the same interest in five enumerated activities based on the ranking order. SLU and UPCB students were common in the interest of viewing films portraying political realities again based on the rank order. Surprisingly, there is no common activity showing the interest of the BCF and UPCB students. In the light of the findings of this study, the following conclusions are made: 1. There are variations when it comes to internal activities referring to participating in electoral exercises, attending seminars, fora and dialogues, assemblies of students, rallies and interaction with student leaders. 2. Concerning listening and viewing television programs and films, the students have similar interest. 3. Anent the reading interest of the students, the study revealed that the respondents have similar propensities. 4. There are no variations with regard activities which require attendance in Sangguniang Kabataan programs and attendance in barangay and City Hall sessions. 5. Activities indulged in by respondents are similar. 6. There are common internal activities of students of BCF, SLU and UPCB when compared with each other. 7. Taking both the students of UPCB and BCF and analyzing their interest in internal activities, the research showed that there was no significant difference. Hence, hypothesis number 7 is consequently rejected. 8. Comparing the students of UPCB and SLU students with regard internal activities, the research revealed that their activities vary. Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered: 1. Since it is observed that many political science students are influenced largely and indirectly by their reading of newspapers, magazines and other literature, it would be better if they will actively be exposed and involved meaningfully with people in their schools like in the Pamunuan, Kalipunan and student assemblies. The political knowledge of the students must be enriched and reinforced with community-based experience like those related with the Sangguniang Kabataan, activities associated with their municipality, barangay or puroks. 2. It is imperative that the political science students must be active members of the Sangguniang Kabataang (SK). They must allocate some time in attending seminars, meetings and participating in community projects. In doing so, they will develop their self-esteem and their participation in civic life can make a difference. 1. The schools, through the teachers, should exert effort to develop in the students an analytical and inquiring mode of television viewing which will develop in them a feeling of stewardship for the future and intelligent management of public affairs. In advance, the instructor should purposely watch the television within a period of two weeks and take note of the topics for discussion that are related currently in the class. And thereafter, the instructor would relay the said announcements to the class in anticipation of this program and require them to watch and react on the views and statements of the different speakers. 4. The curriculum of the Bachelor of Arts course major in Political Science should incorporate more civic education, which includes a supervised practicum, or fieldwork wherein the students will be able to develop their skills of participation in civic life, and improve their civic competence. In school directed community experiences, students should be associated heterogeneously. This requirement should be met by supervised community action-oriented volunteer service projects in municipal departments, courts, or any other socially and politically valuable area. Community service experience should be related to work in the classroom and monitored by teaching personnel. 5. The SLU Political Science students should be given more opportunities to plan and organize educational fora and dialogues to be aware of major social and political trends. 6. To be more effective in guiding student learning, the Political Science teachers must have actual experience in community projects to be able to impart knowledge of political realities and also skills (public human relations, negotiation, bargaining, and communication) in a democratic society. 7. For future studies, the researcher is suggesting that further studies be explored relating to political socialization specifically a province in the Cordilleras.
Political climate and student activism in selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City, 1997-1998
(1999-03) Taliping, Mary Jane B.
The study evaluated the influence of political climate on student leaders' activism among selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the school year 1997-1998. It analyzed the degree of influence and difference of degree of influence of the factors of political climate namely, campus issues or problems, community issues or problems and ideology of student movements. It likewise investigated the extent of achievement of the aims of student activism in promoting socio-political consciousness, promoting better interpersonal relations between teachers and students; reconciling administrative policies and student demands; introducing reforms in the institution; and furthering community involvement. The descriptive-evaluative method was utilized using the descriptive-survey technique. 1. Political climate was very influential on student leaders' activism in selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the academic year 1997-1998. 2. The student leader activists significantly achieved in the promotion of socio-political consciousness, reconciliation of administrative policies and student demands, introduction of reforms in the institution and furtherance of community involvement. 3. There is a significant difference of the factors of political climate only in terms of quantitative value. 1. Ideology is very influential on student leaders' activism among selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the school year 1997-1998. 2. Student leader activists are more focused in the promotion of socio-political consciousness and furtherance of community involvement. 3. Ideology is significantly higher than the other factors of political climate. 1. The administration to pay careful attention to politics and decision-making and interact with student leader activists through serious minded and intellectual dialogues without being too quick in disregarding their emotional stances. 2. The faculty to unceaselessly ideologize students on the rule of law which is in layman's language, is the rule of fair play. 3. The student leaders to: a. promote socio-political consciousness to expose the illnesses of the society in search for remedies. b. promote better interpersonal relations between teachers and students with due consideration of the proper representatives of the educational institution to whom the educator sought employment. c. reconcile administrative policies and student demands by exhausting all reasonable and lawful means with the objective of entering to an agreement with school administrators which will be beneficial.to the institution as a whole. d. introduce reforms in the institution always with the backings or support of the elders within the institution and not with the proddings of other interest groups in the community. e. further community involvement by eyeing at more attentively on the issues or problems within the locality before undertaking regional or national issues or problems. f. systematize the filing of records of the ideologically oriented student movements and student councils for assessment of performances after an academic year. g. broaden the definition of campus repression to include not only suppression of students' basic rights by the school administration but also acts of prevention by student leader activists in the exercise of fundamental rights of non-striking students to education, due process and academic freedom. 4. The students not to be blinded by "false" activists hiding under the cloak of "personal interests". 5. The future researches on: a. Document analysis of ideologically oriented movements. b. Alliances of student movements with other support groups. c. Comparative study on student activism between state-owned and private (sectarian and non-sectarian) tertiary institutions. d. Repetition of the study using both student leaders and followers as respondents with the same variables. e. Qualitative research that would focus on the behavioral aspect of student activists. f. Analysis of the profile of student leader activists based on age, number of years as an activist, number of years as a student, organizational rank and academic affiliations.
The Training program of short distance runners in the public secondary schools in Baguio City
(1999-04) Mendoza, Maria Glena C.
This study was conducted to evaluate the training program of short distance runners in the public secondary schools in Baguio City. Specifically, it sought to answer the extent and differences of use of following training preparations, conditioning, pre-competition, competition, post competition, the extent of adequacy of the facilities and equipment used by athletes and their coaches/ trainors in their training, degree of seriousness of problems/ difficulties that are encountered by athletes and their coaches/ trainors in their training. The descriptive method was used with the questionnaire as the instrument in gathering data of the study. The statistical tools used were percentage and weighted mean. This study has the following findings: 1. The extent in performing the activities in the four season training reflect the following: a. These were often performed by the athletes and coaches/trainors under the conditioning preparation. b. These were seldom done by the respondents under the pre-competition training. c. These were often performed by the respondents under the competition training. d. These were seldom performed by the athletes under the post-competition training. e. These were sometimes used by the coaches/trainors under the post-competition training. 2. The facilities used by the respondents were found to be inadequate. The equipment used by the respondents were found to be slightly adequate. 3. The problems/difficulties encountered by the respondents were considered moderately serious. From the results, the following conclusions have been drawn: 1. The extent in performing activities by athletes and coaches/trainors vary dependent on the type of season training. 2. Maximum usage of facilities and equipment have not been considered by athletes and coaches/trainors. 3. Problems are rated differently by the two groups of respondents. Based on the foregoing findings, the following recommendations are forwarded: 1. As a whole, the activities under the conditioning, pre-competition, and competition should be done frequently to improve and maintain the skills of the runners. 2. Athletes should engage in other sports activities that fit their own biological cycle. 3. Purchase of necessary training equipment and constructing facilities for short distance events should be given priority by school administrators and thus be included in the school budget. 4. The coaches should likewise consider the abilities of the athletes to perform physical tasks in order to meet the pressures of training. 5. School administration should also consider the financial needs of the athletes as well as their coaches/trainors. They should be given additional incentives/salary especially during training and competition. 6. Coaches and trainors should be encouraged to attend in-service training to improve their coaching and training skills. 7. Coaches should expose athletes to more competitions. 8. Coaches should prepare a five-year development plan for the athletes to include the following: a. Athletes development; b. Coaches development; c. Facilities and equipment development. 9. Administrators, sports coordinators and specialists review and assess the training program prepared by the coaches/trainors. 10. There should be an assessment of the performance of the athletes.
An evaluation on the exercise of political rights among electorate in Balaoan, La Union
(1999-05) Casiano, Marife Mendoza
The citizens become power holders through the exercise Of their political rights such as right of suffrage in terms of election and initiative, right to form and join associations and right to information on matters of public concern. Through these, they are able to hold government officials accountable and they are able to express their needs and sentiments to the government. The citizens’ exercise of these rights, however, may vary depending on their socio-economic status and religious affiliation. They may also be prevented by some causes thereby hindering them from effectively exercising their rights. The study presented a description, comparison, analysis and evaluation on the exercise of political rights among electorate in Balaoan, La Union. It answered the following specific problems: 1. To what extent do the electorate exercise their political rights along the following dimensions: a. Right of suffrage in terms of election, b. Right of suffrage in terms of initiative, c. Right to form and join associations, d. Right to information on matters of public concern? 2. How do the exercises of political rights compare when the respondents are grouped according to: a. Socio-economic status, a.1) Income a.2) Educational attainment a.3) Occupation b. Religious affiliation? 3. To what extent do specified causes prevent the exercise of political rights? To answer the problems, the study used descriptive .method particularly descriptive-evaluative design. It utilized 390 sample population from among the electorate in Balaoan, La Union. This was determined through random sampling specifically lottery sampling technique without replacement method. Data were obtained mainly through the questionnaire. The data obtained were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted with statistical tools such as weighted means, t-test, F-test/ One-Way Analysis of Variance and Scheffe method. The findings of the study were the following. 1. The right of suffrage in terms of election is sometimes exercised by the electorate. Voting an educationally qualified candidate is exercised the most while conducting election boycott is the least exercised activity. The right of suffrage in terms of initiative is sometimes exercised by the electorate. The most exercised activity is identifying locally felt needs and problems while proposing amendments to the Constitution is the least exercised. The right to form and join associations is sometimes exercised by the electorate. Joining public organizations is exercised the most while organizing associations is the least exercised activity. The right to information on matters of public concern is sometimes exercised by the electorate. The most exercised activity is questioning rationale of government projects while securing document of any kind from government employees is the least exercised. 2. Income groups do not differ significantly in the exercise of political rights. The statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the respondents grouped according to educational attainment in the exercise of political rights. There is no significant difference in the exercise of political rights among electorate grouped according to occupation. The respondents grouped according to religious affiliation differed significantly in the exercise of right to form and join associations. The Mormon group differed significantly from the other religious groups. However, the statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the respondents in the exercise of the other political rights. 3. The exercise of right of suffrage in terms of election is moderately prevented by the specified causes. The non-significance of election ranked number 1 and the people's lack of interest ranked number 10. The exercise of right of suffrage in terms of initiative is moderately prevented by the specified causes. Ideas are not given importance ranked number 1 while fear of incurring enemies ranked number 10. The specified causes moderately prevent the exercise of right to form and join associations. High fees are collected and members are not encouraged to participate in government activities ranked number 10. The specified causes moderately prevent the exercise of right to information on matters of public concern. Belief that no justice is served on irregularities ranked number 1 while lack of time ranked number 10. Based on the major findings, the study arrived at the following conclusions: A. The electorate in Balaoan, La Union less effectively exercise their political rights. They have the tendency to exhibit subject political culture. B. There is no power struggle between the haves and have nots. They do not consider money as a potential source of power that could enhance the exercise of their rights. Education does not play a big role in elevating the people's level of awareness of their rights. However, the electors, regardless of educational attainment, are still inclined to exercise their rights if their welfare is at stake. The electorate, regardless of occupation, exercise their rights if it is cost- effective. They act positively if the perceived benefits outweigh the perceived costs. Minority religious groups that are managed by non-Filipinos tend to be more politically active in order to compensate for their status. C. The people exhibit a moderate sense of political efficacy. They are not fully confident of their ability to significantly influence government affairs. The recommendations of the study include the following: 1. The government must initiate a program on political socialization in order to create and promote desirable values and attitudes conducive to participatory democracy particularly in the exercise of political rights. It must initiate campaign to educate the people about their rights and stir them top political activism. 2. A municipal library may also be maintained where important information regarding the activities of the municipality may be showcased so that the people will he encouraged to support the endeavors of the municipality. 3. The local government may also conduct an intensive information campaign regarding the activities of the municipality for the people to support the local government. 4. The organization of the Barangay Development Council as provided in RA 7160 must he strengthened and made visible in order to organize task forces to promote citizen participation in local governance. 5. Researchers may conduct studies on the exercise of political rights among indigenous people to know whether constitutional mandates can effectively co-exist with traditional institutions.
Critical analysis of selected fairy tales from James Finn Garner's politically correct bedtime stories
(2000-03) Corpuz, Leah Solmerin
This study dealth with fairy tales and the type of language used. It attempted to explore the use of politically correct terms and the elimination of biases in Garner's version of the popular fairy tales. This paper also explored the aspects of language use in Garner's fairy tales, specifically on the speech acts and the ethnography of communication. The researcher used several techniques and methods of research for the analysis of the study. The descriptive-comparative approach was used in order to analyze the differences between the popular versions of the fairy tales and those of Garner's. The linguistic-stylistics approach was also employed as the researcher got into the etymologies, recurrence of words, and word patterns to get at the spirit not only of the work but also of the times in which it was written, and even at the "psychogram" of the individual artist.
Fitness training program for basketball and volleyball athletes
(2000-05) Cabanilla, Joel Sarmuyan
This study was conducted to evaluate the fitness training program in basketball and volleyball of Saint Louis University and University of Baguio Athletes. Specifically, it sought to find out the question on the fitness levels of athletes, the level of effectiveness of the activities in their fitness training program, the intensity, frequency and duration of training program and the level effectiveness; of the activities incorporated in the training program based on off-, pre- and in-season of training to gain peak performance. This thesis entitled, Fitness Training Program in Basketball and Volleyball of Saint Louis University and University of Baguio Athletes sought to assess the fitness levels of the athletes based on agility, endurance, flexibility, power speed and strength tests. It sought to answer the level of effectiveness of the activities in the fitness training program in basketball and volleyball in terms of aerobic, circuit, cross, isokinetic, isometric, isotonic and plyometric training. It also sought to answer the intensity, frequency and duration of the training program. Further, it sought to answer the level of effectiveness of the activities incorporated in their training program in terms of off, pre, and in-season of training to gain peak performance. The experimental and descriptive methods of research were used. The standard fitness tests to measure the fitness levels of the athletes were utilized and the questionnaire was supplemented by an observation and interviews. Percentages, weighted mean, rank and t-test were used as statistical tools. From the data gathered, the findings are hereby presented. 1. Based on the results of the experiments regarding the fitness level of the athletes when tested and grouped according to experimental and control group towards gaining peak performance in basketball vary significantly in agility and strength tests while in volleyball, there was a significant difference in the flexibility test. 2. The level of effectiveness of all the activities of the fitness training program in basketball of SLU and UB were considered as very effective while the activities in volleyball, circuit training was rated as effective to gain peak performance. 3. It was found out that SLU and UB athletes have different intensity and duration of training program in basketball and volleyball to gain peak 'performance in terms of aerobic, circuit, cross, isokinetic, isometric, isotonic and plyometric training. However, SLU and UB athletes have the same frequency and training but not in volleyball. 4. The level of effectiveness of all the existing activities incorporated in the training program in basketball during off season were considered very effective while during in-season, 2-1-2 zone defense was rated effective and the others very effective. Further, in volleyball, all the activities during pre and in season of training were interpreted as very effective but during off-season circuit training, weight training, plyometric training and set-up plays were rated effective the others very effective. From the results, the following conclusions have been drawn. 1. The fitness levels of the athlete have been proven beneficial towards gaining peak performance in basketball and volleyball of Saint Louis University and University of Baguio. 2. The activities of the fitness training program have been proven very effective to gain peak performance. 3. The more intensive, the longer, and more frequent, the fitness training program, the greater the effects to gain peak performance. 4. The existing activities incorporated in the training program vary depending on the type of training season. To further improve the fitness training program the following are recommended. 1. For better quality of training program, determining the fitness levels of the athletes by the use of the standard fitness tests for the athletes are very important. 2. Athletes should engage in fitness training activities in order to maintain and develop high level of physical fitness as a supplement to gain peak performance. 3. Procurement of fitness facilities, materials and equipment should be given priority by the school administration and must be included in the school budget. 4. Athletes should be exposed to more competitions. 5. There should be a physical fitness specialist whose main function is to monitor the fitness level of athletes. 6. The physical fitness activities that are incorporated in the training program should be increased in terms of intensity, frequency, and duration of training. 7. A replication of this study with more respondents and sports involved shall be made.
Language innovations in text messages in english
(2001) Sofia E. Gawiden
he new forms of communication brought about by technology are the reasons behind the existence of a new language - a language, which is used by millions of people who are sending messages via the cellular phone or the computer. The need to understand the emergence of this new language is what made the researcher conduct a study on language innovations in text messages. This study dealt with texting and the innovations of language. It aimed at answering the following problems: 1) what are the changes structure found in text messages? 2) What are the problems encountered by texters in understanding text messages? and 3) what are the texting cultures present in the text messages? The researcher used the descriptive method in this study. several approaches such as content analysis, sociolinguistics and pragmatics were also utilized here. Questionnaires were distributed among 100 texters and 100 messages were collected from texters of different walks of life. Percentage was used as a statistical treatment in the analysis of the data. A. Changes in structure found in text messages There were changes-in structure found in text messages. Such changes observed were found in the areas of spelling, grammar, abbreviations, capitalization and punctuation marks. 1. In the area of spelling, most texters spell their words phonetically and this is done through speedwriting, blending or even reduction of words.2. Grammar in texting is still observed except for very few messages, which do not follow the rules of grammar. The texters who commit error in grammar are the ones who do not really know the rules and those who do not mind whether they are constructing correct sentences or not. 3. Abbreviations are done through the reduction of words and through the use of acronyms with designated meanings known to the texters themselves. 4. Capitalization of words in text messaging is done through varied ways. There are messages where chosen words and letters are capitalized. There are messages where all the words are capitalized and there are messages where rules on capitalization are not being followed. 5. There are messages with correct punctuations. There are also messages with no punctuations and there are messages with multiple punctuation marks. B. Problems encountered by texters Texters encountered problems in understanding messages. These include the following: 1. The use of non-standard abbreviation in texting becomes a problem specially when the abbreviated words, which are done through the reduction of words or through word designation in acronyms is unknown to the readers. 2. Spell as pronounced words in texting gives difficulty to readers to understand such words spelled in an unacceptable form especially if the readers are used to reading sentences with correct spelling of words. 3. Incorrect grammar is seen through the wrong choice of words used in a sentence, the omission of a punctuation mark that may give another meaning to certain words in the messages and the problem on inconsistencies. 4. Emit icons that are written in different forms give confusion to readers who are used to see the same form of an emit icon. The understanding of the texters who are not used to see emit icons in the messages they received is also a problem here. 5. Incorrect use of punctuation marks in texting, may suggest another meaning in a message instead of the intended meaning. 6. Misunderstood messages are those messages that are distorted due to the problem of cell phone features, the messages that are arrange in a very unusual manner and the messages that are not understood in their literal meaning. 7. The refusal of the receiver to respond to messages received 8. Delayed messages in texting are the result of any of the following: traffic within a network, outside one's network, the subscriber is out of coverage area or the subscriber put off his cellular phone. C. Texting cultures introduced in text messages There were cultures introduced in text messages and these include: 1. Quotes - These are used to introduce a certain speech act. 2. Graphics - These are always coupled with quotes or very short messages. 3. Playfulness in writing - It is varied and these include the use of capital letters, smiley icon, unusual arrangement of words and unusual use of capital letters, the use of graphics, the use of quotes, the use of multiple punctuations and the use of written-out sounds. Playfulness in texting is the variation from the usual way of writing which contradicts the set rules being followed. 4. Speech act categories used in sending messages include: directives, commissive, expressives, declaratives, verdictives and representatives. The use of speech acts depends upon the purpose of the texter in forwarding messages. Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were made: 1. The use of a cellular phone with text access made it possible for a texter to change his sentence structure particularly in the areas of spelling, grammar, abbreviation, capitalization and punctuation marks. 2. The fact that texters are exposed to the texting language, still they encounter problems in understanding text messages. These problems include the use of non¬standard abbreviations; spell as pronounced words, incorrect grammar, emit icons, incorrect use of punctuation marks, misunderstood messages, refusal of the receiver to respond to messages received, delayed messages and vague messages. 3. The ways text messages are structured introduce varied cultures in texting. The cultures evident in this study are the use of quotes and graphics, the playfulness in writing text messages and the different speech acts in texting. Based on the study, the following recommendations were made: 1. Language instructors may use the texting language as a material in teaching grammar. The text messages can be used as examples to correct whatever mistakes students commit in constructing sentences. 2. Language instructors should make it a point that texting language is limited to sending text messages only and are not supposed to be used in formal communication - either oral or written. There are possibilities that the way students write their sentences in text messaging can be adopted in the classroom, such situation should be avoided. 3. New studies can be done on texting particularly on: a. Texting in relation to the principles of language. b. Texting and its effect on the classroom performance of students. c. Structural analysis on texting 4. Language instructors should be encouraged to learn the language of the texters because of the possibility that texting language will be adopted in the classroom. Understanding the situation would help them device strategies on how they can possibly divert it to learning. 5. A study be made on the other cultures introduced in texting. 6. Texting should be part of the discussion in the classroom particularly in the field of linguistics. Language instructors should not disregard such topic considering that texting is a fad and its influence may affect things being taught in the academe.
The effects of methods of teaching quadratic equations on the performance of college students
(2001-03) Bang-as, Pamela Alos
One’s teaching effectiveness may greatly increase depending on his ability to make the most out of the different teaching methods. In line with this postulate, this study was conducted to determine the performance of 70 students on quadratic equations using the inductive and deductive methods of teaching, the effects of the two methods on their attitude towards mathematics, the relationship between sex and mathematics performance, sex and attitude towards mathematics, and attitude and mathematics performance. The instruments used to gather data were a 30-item achievement test for the pretest and posttest, and the mathematics attitude scale for the attitude of students toward mathematics. The gathered data were analyzed using t-test and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. It was found that the method used in teaching quadratic equations has an effect not only on the performance of the students but also on their attitude toward mathematics. The student taught by the use of the inductive method had higher ratings in the achievement test that those students taught using the deductive method. On the other hand, the students in the deductive group had manifested considerable increase in scores in the attitude test as compared to those in the inductive group. It was also found that sex is a factor, which has a substantial influence on the performance of students in mathematics and their attitude towards the subject. Male students performed better in the achievement test as well as in the attitude test than the female students. This attitude towards mathematics directly relates to their achievement scores. It was found to be a positive factor that could motivate students to perform better in the subject.
The effect of using three teaching methods on students' performance in plane trigonometry
(2001-03) Aboy, Melinda F.
The teacher plays a central role in the educative process and is the ultimate agent of education. He should be effective and a model himself in order to achieve a high level of competence and be able to effect change in the behavior and lives of the individual students. In this aspect, the teacher should choose the appropriate technique and strategies that promote students' active participation in learning Trigonometry. In this assumption, this study was conducted to find out the level of student's performance using the lecture-discussion, module and alternate lecture-discussion and module; the performance of students using three teaching methods according to sex and type of high school graduated; and the relationship between I.Q scores and college algebra grade and student's performance using the three methods of teaching. Out of 111 freshmen respondents, 38 were placed in the control group and taught through the lecture-discussion method; and 37 in the experimental group and taught through the modular approach. The rest were taught using both the lecture-discussion and module. Findings show that the experimental group and the group taught through lecture-discussion and module have higher mean scores. Likewise, female respondents in the control group and the group taught through lecture-discussion and module have higher mean score than the male respondents. However, male respondents in the experimental group have a higher mean score. Type of high school graduated from has no bearing an students' performance. Sex and types of high school graduated from do not affect students' performance. Rather, performance depended on intellectual factors such as I.Q and college algebra grade.
Active learning in the physical education classes of tertiary schools in Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet
(2001-03) Panayon, Vilma L.
Physical education activities were not only programmed for those who are inclined to sports but also the young and old, male and female. Executive order No. 44 section 19(1), Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution states that "the state shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league competitions and amateur sports including training for international competition, to foster self-discipline, teamwork and excellence for the development of a healthy citizenry. To improve the teaching and learning process, of physical education classes, a particular goal, plan ground rules and time management should be followed so that one does not find himself unable to maximize time, hence, able to accomplish activities set for the day. Since active learning in physical education lies on the capability of the teacher, a factor that affects active learning, there is a need to motivate learners to actively perform. A synthesis on what they learn shall serve to motivate the enhancement of their psychomotor skills, thus maintaining a more relaxed body. It is also one way to help them become more skillful than mere speculators, help them finish the subject and have a sense of fulfillment. Active learning in this study does not connote hundred percent mastery of activities. In the field of physical education, it is not the number of skills executed that matters most particularly how skills are properly executed. Teachers need to value achievement, expect students to learn and try as hard as he or she can arrange things needed in the physical education classes. These learning motivators are translated into high proportion of appropriate learning time for all the students. Finally, active learning in this study does not only mean eagerness and liveliness of students in performing an activity, but their cooperation in the classroom activities. It maybe noted that it is not only how they respond lively to a particular lesson but their contribution and participation in the realization of learning are those that count most. The main aim of this study was to find out the extent of active learning in the physical education classes in Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet. It answered the following research problems: 1. What is the extent of active learning in the physical education classes (P.E. 1,2,3,4) of the tertiary schools in Baguio City and La Trinidad Benguet? 2. To what extent do identified factors contribute to the extent of active learning in the physical education classes? 3. What are the problems and degree of seriousness of these problems encountered by the students and faculty members in physical education classes? The descriptive-evaluative research method was used to measure the extent of active learning in the physical education classes. Extent of active learning in the physical education classes were computed using frequency and percentages and average weighted mean. The data gathering was in the form of observation. Likewise, interviews were conducted to determine student participation and validate those items in the observation This thesis presents the extent of active learning in the physical education classes, factors that contribute to the extent of active learning and the problems and degrees of seriousness encountered by students and faculty members in physical education classes. The following were the major findings: 1. Active learning in the physical education classes was rated often. 2. The identified factors always contribute to the extent of active learning in the physical education classes. These factors include the teacher, motivators, teaching approaches, and student participation. 3. Finally, the problems and degree of seriousness of these problems encountered by the students and faculty members were rated not serious. It is concluded that : 1. There is active learning in the physical education Classes in the tertiary schools of Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet. 2. There are identified factors that contribute to the extent of active learning. 3. Problems encountered by the students and faculty members in the learning and teaching process are not serious. The researcher recommends the following : 1. Active learning or student participation in the physical education classes should be given more emphasis because it is through this that students can explore knowledge by understanding how these concepts can be put into reality. 2. These identified factors should not be ignored by those in the teaching field, as well as students for these help in the development of being an effective learner and facilitator. 3. Teachers should be more enthusiastic in the teaching process to arouse student participation. 4. Teachers should relate the activities on academic orientation. 5. School administrators should provide sufficient equipment and facilities inasmuch as these have effects on student participation. 6. Educators should look into the educational contributions of the activities for the students to realize their significance and intensify them by encouragement as well as provide them enough information that they need to know. 7. Educators should set goals and plan ahead of time in order to maximize time and look into possibilities that classroom activities get done in less time. 8. Faculty members should encourage cooperative learning among students. 9. A teacher in physical education classes should be a major or a minor in this field. 10. A replication of the study to be made to include other fields of specialization.
The Implementation of PEHM curriculum in the public secondary schools of Baguio City
(2001-04) Danilo Lonogan Cong-o
For the first time, three important experiences in life are combined into one scholastic activity in PEHM: Physical Education, Health, and Music; for one alone, life will not be very fulfilling. The three experiences must go together to be fully edifying. It is impossible to enjoy the message of music without health; and health will not be achieved without its proper cultivation in physical education. Thus, the teaching of PEHM in secondary schools hopes to develop in the youth a sound educational experience to make them cope with life's challenges. In this regard, the researcher had come up with this research to evaluate the implementation of PEHM curriculum in the public secondary schools of Baguio City which is the focus of the study. This study was conducted to evaluate the implementation of PEHM curriculum in the public secondary schools of Baguio City. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the degree of attainment of the objectives in the implementation of PEHM curriculum in the public secondary schools of Baguio city as perceived by the PEHM teachers and students and how do the objectives in the implementation differ in relation to the degree of attainment. 2. What is the degree of activities undertaken in the implementation of. PEHM curriculum in the public secondary schools of Baguio City as perceived by the PEHM teachers and students and how do these activities undertaken differ in relation to the degree of implementation? 3. What is the degree of adequacy of facilities and equipment in the implementation of PEHM curriculum in the public secondary schools of Baguio City as perceived by the PEHM teachers and students and how do the facilities and equipment differ in relation to the degree of adequacy? 4. What is the degree of effectiveness of methods and techniques of instruction in the implementation of PEHM curriculum in the public secondary schools of Baguio City as perceived by the PEHM teachers and students and how do the methods and techniques of instruction differ in relation to the degree of effectiveness? 5. What is the degree of seriousness of the problems in the implementation of PEHM curriculum in the public secondary schools of Baguio City as perceived by the PERM teachers and students and how do the problems differ in relation to the degree of seriousness? Descriptive survey was used with the questionnaire as the main instrument in gathering the data. The questionnaire was supplemented with interviews and some pertinent papers related to the study. The data were statistically treated using the general weighted average and t-test comparing the means of two populations. The objectives in the implementation of PEHM curriculum in the public secondary schools in Baguio City were moderately attained; the activities undertaken were moderately implemented; facilities were least adequate while equipment were considered least adequate by the teachers but moderately adequate according to the students; the different methods and techniques on instruction were perceived moderately effective by the PEHM teachers and selected students from the public secondary schools in Baguio City; different problems on the implementation of PEHM curriculum were both considered by teachers and selected students as moderately serious. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher concluded that the objectives in the teaching of PEHM based on the degree of attainment are fairly achieved; the different activities involved in the teaching of the course are temperately fulfilled; school facilities are least sufficient to certain aspects and equipment are average sufficient; the methods and techniques of instruction in teaching PEHM are fairly functioning based on the degree of effectiveness; problems in the implementation of PEHM curriculum exist and encountered by the PEHM teachers and selected students as fairly sober. With regard to the findings of the undertaking, it is recommended that curriculum makers, administrators, head teachers, and PEHM teachers should know and understand the different objectives of the PEHM curriculum and have proper dissemination of these objectives to students for full attainment; appropriate and important activities in PEHM should be provided to students to achieve full implementation of the curriculum; School administrators should provide facilities and acquire equipment of the school to have adequate materials in PEHM; use of various effective methods and techniques of instruction should be utilized by PEHM teachers to motivate the interests of the students; problems encountered in the implementation of PEHM curriculum should be minimized and given solution to attain full realization of the program; school administrators should provide opportunities to PEHM teachers to enhance their knowledge by sending them to seminars, training and workshops; further researches related to the study conducted should be made to evaluate the significance of the findings and for the improvement of the implementation of PEHM curriculum.
The economic status of Muslim migrants in Baguio City
(2001-05) Dayucos, John Rey Rigos
This study is concerned with the economic status of the Muslim migrants in Baguio City. It sought to study the productivity of the economic activities of the Muslim migrants, the dependence of the migrants to the sources of their capital, the adequacy of the sources of their capital and the effectiveness of the strategies the respondents used in addressing the problems they encountered caused by the presence of the increasing number of big business establishments in Baguio City. This present study was limited only to the Muslim migrants who are engaged in their economic activities in the City of Baguio for five to ten years. The respondents of this present study were taken purposively. The data were gathered primarily through questionnaires administered to the respondents supplemented by the writer's personal interaction with the respondents and officers of the Office of Muslim Affairs. The data gathered were tabulated and treated through the use of statistical tools such as frequency counts, weighted mean and percent-title. From the analyses and interpretation of the data concerning the Muslim migrants' economic activities, daily gross income and daily savings, properties acquired, problems encountered and the strategies to remedy such problems, the followings findings were obtained; 1. The economic activities of Muslim migrants are a) Sidewalk vending, b) Banketa business, c) Street peddling, d) Consignment and e) Money lending. b. The economic activities of Muslim migrants were found to be slightly productive in the following aspects a. The mean of previous daily gross income for Group A was P452.44 but at present it is P352.44,and this shows a difference of P100. The mean of previous daily gross income for Group B was P403.85 but at present it is P308.20,and this shows a difference of P95.65. Both groups' daily gross income is in a declining trend. b. The properties or appliances acquired by the Muslim migrants in Baguio City include television sets, VHS or VCD players, telephone sets or cellular phones, karaokes, refrigerators, washing machines, sala sets, bank savings, educational plans, and cooking utensils. The market value of each of these properties or appliances ranges from P6,000 to P25, 000. 3. The dependence of Muslim migrants or their sources of capital were identified with the following degrees: a. The respondents who depend on loans are very dependent on it because they resort to it very often; and b. The respondents who depend on informal loans are dependent because they resort to it often. 4. The degree of adequacy of Muslim migrants' sources are identifies thus: a. For Group A, the sources of their capital are considered moderately adequate. b. For Group B, the sources of their capital are also considered moderately adequate. 5. The degree of the effects of the increasing number of big business establishments in Baguio City on the economic activities of Muslim migrants are moderate. 6. The extent of the effectiveness of the following strategies used by Muslim migrants to address the consequences brought by the increasing number of big business establishments in Baguio city are alternating techniques of selling which are considered less effective, changing the nature of sales which is considered less effective and engagement in other economic activities which is considered not effective. The findings deduced from the analysis and interpretations of data enabled the researcher to arrive at the following conclusions: 1. Sidewalk vending is the most preferred economic activity of the Muslim migrants in Baguio City and remains as the most favorable and profitable for the vendors up to this time. 2. The productiveness of the economic activities of Muslim migrants in Baguio City is minimal and declining. 3. Both formal and informal loans are the primary sources of Muslim migrants' capital. 4. The sources of capital of Muslim migrants in Baguio City are sufficient. 5. The presence of big business establishments in Baguio City did not cause strong effects to the daily income of Muslim migrants in Baguio City. 6. The strategies used by the Muslim migrants are not enough to solve their problems. Based on the foregoing results, the following recommendations are hereby forwarded to Improve the economic status of Muslim migrants in Baguio City: 1. The Muslim migrants in Baguio City should learn more livelihood projects offered by the DSWD in Baguio City such as manufacturing handicrafts for tourists like wall decors, ethnic designs and woodcarvings because these are the products look for by the tourists in the City of Baguio. 2. The Muslim migrants need to improve their way of conducting their economic activities by making it more presentable, more creative by putting fixed but reasonable prices for every item displayed as part of attracting more customers. 3. The Muslim migrants should also aspire to acquire properties such as house and lot for more permanent and decent dwelling and educational plans for their children as part of insuring them a better future. Through education, their children will have the chance to be more economically stable than they are who are engaged in the shadow economy. 4. The Muslim migrants should apply for Social Security System (SSS) as self-employed members in order to avail of the benefits, loans and assistance in the future offered by SSS to all qualified members. They should broaden also the membership coverage of their existing "paluwagan" system for bigger remittances and financial aid for an individual member. 5. Despite the moderate adequacy of the Muslim migrants' sources of capital, they still need to have alternative sources of capital like their SSS membership and "paluwagan" membership in case their primary source of capital fails to provide them financial needs. 6. Though the effects of increasing big business establishments in Baguio City are considered moderate by the Muslim migrants, still they should come up with possible remedies or solutions in order to prepare themselves for the stronger effects these upcoming business establishments will have on their economic activities. For instance, they should start working on the legalization of their operations to insure their right to equal protection of the laws in case rivalry between the informal and formal sectors can not be avoided. 7. The strategies used by the Muslim migrants in addressing the problems they are encountering were found to be less effective and some were not effective at all. For this, the researcher proposes that there should be a program to be undertaken by the barangay concerned or the City government of Baguio in coordination with the Office of Muslim Affairs. There should be quarterly seminars for Muslim migrants regarding the strategies on how to conduct their economic activities more productively within the bounds of the City government's existing policies.
Dispute processing under the katarungang pambarangay in La Trinidad, Benguet
(2001-05) Dullona, Eloisa Madariaga
Barangay justice reflects the Filipino tradition of amicably settling disputes to preserve peace and harmony in the community. The Katarungang Pambarangay Law is the manifestation of this aspiration. The major purpose of this study was to assess dispute processing under the Katarungang Pambarangay Law in the Municipality of La Trinidad, Province of Benguet. Specifically, answers to the following problems were sought: 1. What is the level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa in: a. Procedures in Amicable Settlement b. Jurisdiction 2. what is the degree of seriousness of the problems encountered in dispute processing? 3. What is the success rate in: a. Decongestion of Court Dockets b. Settlement of Court Referrals. The study made use of the descriptive-survey method of research with survey questionnaires as data gathering tools. The respondents were the 133 lupon members of the 10 Lupong Tagapamayapa of La Trinidad, Benguet. The weighted mean, frequency and percentage rating, and standard deviation were used in the treatment of data. The findings of the study are as follows: 1.a.1.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on commencement of the settlement of a dispute was described as "always comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on the commencement of the settlement of a dispute were described as "always comply" except the provision on the payment of filing fees. The level of compliance of the lupon to the provision on the payment of filing fees was described as "often comply." 1.a.2.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on notifying the disputants was described as "often comply." The provisions on notifying the disputants generally earned a level of compliance described as "always and often comply." However, the provision involving the filing of a motion at the Municipal Trial Court earned a level of compliance described as "seldom comply." 1.a.3. The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on conciliation proceedings was described as "often comply." The provisions on conciliation proceedings generally earned a level of compliance described as "always and often comply." However, the provision initiating a prosecution of perjury against any one of the disputants who repudiates the agreement earned a level of compliance described as "seldom comply." 1.a.4.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on arbitration proceedings was described as "often comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on arbitration proceedings were described as "often comply" except the provision on the signing of arbitration awards. The level of compliance of the lupon to the provision on the signing of arbitration awards was described as "always comply." 1.a.5. The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on the constitution of the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo was "often comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on the constitution of the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo was described as "often comply." 1.b. The study showed that cases involving Estafa, Theft, Altering Land Boundaries, Slight Physical Injuries, Robbery and Unjust Vexation were ranked highly by the lupon members as cases they have encountered and handled during their term. However, the study also showed that the lupon members also settle private crimes, and cases involving grave threats, grave physical injuries, attempted/frustrated homicide and murder, homicide, and, reckless imprudence resulting to grave physical injuries and homicide. 2. The Lupong Tagapamayapa of La Trinidad, Benguet perceived the problems they encountered in dispute processing as "moderately serious". The problems encountered in dispute processing generally earned a degree of seriousness described as "moderately and not serious." However, the problem on the lack of financial incentives for lupon members earned a degree of seriousness described as "serious." 3.a The Lupong Tagapamayapa was 87.98% successful in decongesting the court dockets by settling 732 cases out of the total 832 cases filed before the Barangay Court. 3.b The Lupong Tagapamayapa was 50.57% successful in settling court referrals by settling 44 cases out of the total 87 cases referred to the Barangay Court. Based on the findings, the following conclusions were made: 1.a. The Lupong Tagapamayapa often complied with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement. b. The Lupong Tagapamayapa did not comply with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on case jurisdiction. 2. The problems encountered by the Lupong Tagapamayapa were perceived as "moderately serious" to have affected dispute processing in La Trinidad, Benguet. 3.a. The Lupong Tagapamayapa was successful in decongesting the court dockets. b. The Lupong Tagapamayapa was moderately successful in settling court referrals. The following recommendations are forwarded: 1. For the Department of the Interior and Local Government to propose amendments to the Katarungang Pambarangay Law regarding a clear distinction among conciliation, mediation and arbitration; to review the case jurisdiction of the Lupong Tagapamayapa; and to give additional means of evaluation to check the proper implementation of the law; and other kinds of incentives for the lupon members. 2. For the local government of La Trinidad, Benguet, the Department of Justice and the Department of the Interior and Local Government to conduct orientation-workshops on the actual conduct of an amicable settlement and on case jurisdiction of the Lupong Tagapamayapa. 3. For a study to be conducted to focus on the compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa on Case Jurisdiction in order to validate the findings of this study, to evaluate the success of the lupon in settling these cases, and to propose a listing of cases to be included or excluded in the lupons' case jurisdiction. 4. A replication of the study be undertaken in consideration to various factors, among others, urban and rural differentials and the quality of justice dispensed by the Lupong Tagapamayapa.