College of Arts and Sciences
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Item Vowel instruction for spelling enhancement of Arabic-speaking learners of English(2016-04) Soriano, Marinette P.Arabic-speaking learners of English have frequent problems with word spellings that are attributed to their perplexity with the English vowels known as 'vowel blindness' or `vowel confusion.' The study aimed to address this issue by conducting vowel instruction for two months to improve their spelling performance on monosyllabic and bi-syllabic words. Vowel instruction consisted of teaching vowel pronunciation, presenting vowel letter-to-sound relationships, showing vowel spelling patterns, syllabicating words, and providing various spelling opportunities. Fifteen newly enrolled freshmen for the second tri-semester joined the English language enrichment sessions and were given Vowel Sensitivity Test (m=2.81) and vowel spelling tests (0.96 reliable using Spearman Brown) to measure their spelling performance before and after the sessions. The study revealed a significant increase in the mean scores (mpre=30.67; mpost=43.067) of the vowel spelling tests suggesting that vowel instruction was facilitative in the improved spelling performance on monosyllabic and bi-syllabic words, with more misspellings in the latter than in the former. This further indicated that strategies employed in vowel instruction were beneficial in enhancing the vowel spelling skills of learners. In spite of this, it requires constant exposure to many English words and more spelling opportunities in order to recognize vowels and spell words better.Item Plants used in healing practices of the Applai tribe in Tadian, Mt. Province(2011-01) Albing, Graciaflor ValleThe purpose of this study was to determine the medicinal plants used by the Applai tribe. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What illnesses are common among the Applai Tribe? Hypothesis: The illnesses that are common among the Applai Tribe are colds, cough and diarrhea. 2. What are the plants utilized by the local healers of the Applai tribe? Hypothesis: the plants utilized by the local healers of the Applai Tribe are banana (baat, sword agave (maguey) and wire grass (sang sangitan). 3. What are the parts of the plants commonly utilized in treating the illness? Hypothesis: The parts of the plants commonly utilized in healing the illnesses are the whole plant, stem or the leaves. 4. What are the methods by which the plants are prepared and applied? Hypothesis: The methods by which the plants are prepared and applied are decoction and oral administration by drinking. 5. What Information, Education and Communication (IEC) material can be developed to enhance awareness to herbal medicine among the members of the Applai Tribe? The descriptive method of research was used in this study. This research covered the medical plants used by the Applai Tribe. The data gathered were examined carefully.The following are the major findings of the study. 1.The people of the Applai tribe are commonly infected with cough, colds, painful urination, diarrhea, tooth ache, skin abscess, fever, scabies, and Tinea flava.2. All of the 20 local healers utilize mango (mangga), banana (baat), pomelo (suwa) and indian cherry (dael). The least used is maguey which only corresponds to 5%. 3.The most utilized part of the medicinal plants in healing illnesses are the leaves which corresponds to 60 %. The least utilized is using the whole plant and the stem which corresponds to 5 %. 4.Nine plants (45 %) are prepared through decoction while one plant only (5 %) is prepared through infusion, cutting into halves or rubbing. 5.Forty five percent (45 %) of the medicinal plants were orally administered through drinking taken as herbal teas. The other medicinal plants were orally administered through eating (15 %) and topically used through poultice (20 %), plaster (20 %), bathing (15 %), steam bath which is only 10%. The least is using the extract which is only 5 %. Based on the findings, the following are the conclusions of the study. 1.The common illnesses that affect the people are cough, common colds, Urinary Tract Infection, diarrhea, tooth ache, skin abscess, fever, scabies and Tinea flava. 2.Medicinal plants are used by local healers to alleviate the common illnesses. 3.The most common part of medicinal plants used are the leaves. 4.Decoction is the most common method of preparation of the twenty (20) medicinal plants. 5.Oral intake is the common method of administration of these medicinal plants. Based on the findings the following proposals are offered: 1.There has to be a more thorough study on the common illnesses among the Applai tribe to further elaborate on the illnesses. 2.Cultivation of medicinal plants among the people of the Applai tribe has to be encouraged to boost the use of medicinal plants. 3.A phytochemical analysis to isolate and characterize the bioactive components of these plants has to also be encouraged to further identify if these plants are really safe and effective for consumption. 4.There has to be a follow up study focusing on effectiveness of preparation and application of the medicinal plants. 5.The local healers with the Barangay officials have to conduct information dissemination on the use of medicinal plants to acknowledge its importance to the community. 6.The local healers and the community have to be encouraged to use the manual on medicinal plants produced in this study for their guidance.Item Strategies in teaching science in Diocesan Schools in Itogon(2015-04) Abaggue, Melanie Emilio.Teaching is more than standing before a class and applying a few specific techniques. It is an intricate, exacting, challenging job (Kochhar 2006). Teaching is an evolutionary field, and as always, times are changing where new methods and practices are constantly being introduced that teachers must adapt to ensure students success. The belief that teachers have about Science and Science instruction plays a critical role in shaping their patters of instructional behavior (Polourde, 2002). A harmonious mic of knowledgeable Science teachers who are skilled in a variety of teaching methodologies and imbued with worthwhile values and attitudes, plus positive personal traits and interests possessed by the learners, and comfortable and conducive learning environment can guarantee a successful attainment of the pervading goals of science teaching (Corpuz, Salandanan & Rigor, 2006). The efficiency of a teacher is indicated by his ability to impart knowledge and to inculcate in the pupils the desirable outcomes of teaching science (Das, 2005). Carrier (2011) stated that teaching strategies shape the learning environment. As part of the lesson design, an effective teacher selects a particular teaching strategy or a set of strategies to engage students in learning. Article 36 of the manual of regulations for higher education institutions (MORPHEI) states that there are teaching strategies that can be transferred from one subject to the next. There are also strategies that are more specific to a subject area and specific science teaching strategies. This study aimed to determine the strategies used in teaching science in diocesan schools in Itogon, Benguet. Specifically, the researcher sought to answer the following: 1. What is the extent of awareness on the use of strategies in teaching science as perceived by a. teachers b. students? 2. What is the extent of impact of the use of teaching strategies in science on students learning as perceived by a. teachers b. students? 3. What is the degree of effectiveness of the use of strategies in teaching science as perceived by a. teachers b. students? Descriptive survey method and documentary analysis were used in this study to determine the extent of awareness, extent of impact, and degree of effectiveness of the use of strategies in teaching science as perceived by teachers and students. The respondents were the science teachers and students in the three (3) selected diocesan schools in Itogon, Benguet specifically Saint Louis High School of Balatoc, Inc., Sacred heart high school and Saint Louis Antamok. Self-constructed questionnaires for both teachers and students were used as data gathering instrument and data were treated using general weighted mean. The following are the major findings of the study: Teachers and students of the Diocesan schools are both moderately aware on the use of strategies in teaching science. The use of strategies in teaching science are found to have a great impact on student learning as perceived by the teachers while considered as having moderate impact on the student learning as perceived by the students. In terms of the degree of effectiveness, teachers and students consider the use of strategies as moderately effective. With the respect to the findings, the following are the conclusions of this research, the following are highly recommended: 1. To enhance the extent of awareness of the use of strategies in teaching science, there has to be a faculty development program like seminars, workshops, and training to be regularly participated by all the science teachers. 2. To enrich the extent of impact of the use of strategies in teaching science on the students learning, there has to be regular and systematic implementation of these strategies in accordance with the lessons presented, methodologies used, and technology applied. 3. To deepen the degree of effectiveness of the teaching strategies in teaching science, there has to be consistent monitoring and evaluation, including the appraisal of the accurate strategies used. 4. Other recommendations a. There has to be a thorough utilization of various strategies in teaching science by integrating it to various teaching-learning activities to ensure better student. b. Students have to be provided with important interactive, engaging science tasks and activities to improve their learning. c. teachers ought to pay attention to the teaching-learning activities and assignments that would allow students to execute tasks and carry out activities to its completion that ends with the understanding needed. d. A faculty development program is proposed to improve the use of strategies in teaching science.Item English proficiency and academic performance of grade 8 students in science(2016-04) Belcher, Michelle Zarate.English, as the medium on instruction, has been one of the factors blamed for the poor performance in science among the secondary students in the Philippines. The blame is strongly directed at English over the years as the Philippines continues to lag behind other countries in the field of science. In the local scene, the performance of the students in science in the secondary level is also very alarming as results from the National Achievement Test are still far from the benchmarked passing rate. Researchers have continuously stressed the need to be proficient in the academic language as deficiency in such would lead to a student not being able to assimilate and absorb the learning. The inability to listen, speak, read or write with comprehension in English often results to poor scholastic performance. Poor performance in science would equate to the students not being able to deliver the expected competencies. This in turn would impede the nation's growth and development. This descriptive-correlational study sought to investigate whether there is a relationship between the level of English proficiency and academic performance in science among the Grade 8 students in the district of Tubao, La Union. Specifically, this study sought to determine the English proficiency level and academic performance in science of the Grade 8 students in the district of Tubao La Union. Moreover, this study also sought to determine the relationship between the English proficiency level of Grade 8 students and their academic performance in science when the respondents are grouped according to gender, first language, socioeconomic status and ethnicity. In this study, it was hypothesized that there is a significant relationship between the English proficiency level and academic performance in science of the Grade 8 students in Tubao, La Union when the respondents are grouped according to gender, first language, socio-economic status, and ethnicity. The data used were obtained by administering a researcher-made English proficiency test (EPT) consisting of 40 items, of which its reliability and validity were established, to 542 Grade 8 students in the district of Tubao. A demographic profile questionnaire was also administered to determine the extent at which the aforementioned moderating variables moderate the strength of association between English proficiency and academic performance. Pearson's Product Moment Correlation and moderated regression analysis were employed to explore the relationship between the variables under study. The following are the major findings of the study: 1.The overall English proficiency level of the respondents is poor. 2.The overall academic performance of the respondents in Science 8 is fairly satisfactory. 3. There is no significant difference in the relationship between the English proficiency level of Grade 8 students and their academic performance in science when grouped according to gender, first language, socio-economic status; and ethnicity. In light of the findings of the study, the following are the conclusions: 1.The Grade 8 students in the district of Tubao have difficulties in word meanings, using correct grammatical syntax, and comprehending science ideas or terms. 2.The Grade 8 students in the district of Tubao failed to meet the academic standards set out in the Grade 8 science K-12 curriculum. 3.Gender, first language, socio-economic status and ethnicity, does not change the interaction level between academic performance and English proficiency level. In relation with the findings and conclusions of this research, the following are recommended: 1.Every school in Tubao must prioritize the enhancement of the English proficiency level of the students by encouraging them to speak and write in English both inside and outside the classroom. 2.Every school in Tubao, La Union should formulate an action plan for use in improving the academic performance of Science 8 students. 3.Formulation of intervention programs for improving English proficiency and academic performance should be sensitive to the socially and economically disadvantaged students. 4.Further researches on the relationship between English proficiency level and academic performance should be done with the use of standardized English proficiency test. 5.Future research could also be employed to provide a more comprehensible information on the effects of the different variables on the relationship between the English proficiency level and academic performance in science.Item The Effects of varying levels of mungbean pulp on the performance of Peterson broilers(1989-03) Badival, Elena Tarlit,The major purpose of this study was to obtain a baseline information on possible feed supplements for poultry. Specifically, it was conducted to determine the effects of varying levels of mungbean pulp on the performance of Peterson broilers. It was intended to determine further level that will give the best result not only on weight performance but also on net return per bird. A total of eighty chicks were used as subjects on the study. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used. Blue Ribbon Feeds were used as base ration and dried mungbean pulp was used as feed supplement. Four treatments used were as follows: T0 - Control== pure commercial feeds (no mungbean pulp added) T1 - 15 percent mungbean pulp mixed with commercial feeds T2 - 25 percent mungbean pulp mixed with commercial feeds T3 - 35 percent mungbean pulp mixed with commercial feeds. Data gathered were initial weight, feed consumption, gain in weight, feed conversion efficiency and total weight.This study yielded the following specific findings: Highly significant differences exist among the different treatments in terms of feed consumption, gain in weight, fee conversion efficiency and total weight. These aspects decreased as the percentage of mung bean pulp mixed with the base ration was increased. Palatability was one factor that affected these. In terms of gain in weight, T0 (Control) had a mean gain in weight of 6,419 kilograms. Among the treatments given mung bean pulp preparations, T1 (15 percent mung bean pulp) has the next gain in weight of 6.0 kilograms followed by T2 (25 percent mung bean pulp) with a mean gain in weight of 5.425. T3 (35 percent mung bean pulp) had the least mean gain in weight of 4.696. However, no significant statistical difference was found between the birds fed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp. In terms of feed consumption, the birds fed with pure commercial feeds had a mean consumption of 12. 874 kilograms, the bird fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp with 12.492 kilograms, the birds with 25 percent mung bean pulp with 12.452 kilograms and the birds with 35 percent mung bean pulp with 12.038 kilograms. In the aspect of feed conversion efficiency, T0 had the highest feed conversion efficiency with a mean of 2.006. Among those given mung bean pulp. T1 had a feed conversion efficiency of 2.084, T2 with 2.578 and T3 with 2.243. No statistical significant difference was found between the birds fed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp. In terms of total weight. T0 had the highest mean total weight among the treatments, with a mean total weight of 6.592 kilograms. Among the treatments given mung bean pulp preparation, the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp gave the best result with a mean total weight of 6.175 kilograms, the birds given 25 percent mung bean pulp with 5.6 kilograms and the birds given 35 percent mung bean pulp with 4.862 kilograms. Again no significant statistical difference was found between the birds fed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp. Highly significant differences exist among the different treatment means in terms of total expenses incurred. Total expenses incurred decreased as the percentage mung bean pulp mixed commercial feeds was increased. The birds fed with pure commercial feeds incurred the highest mean production cost of ₱179.67, the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp with ₱170.82, the birds fed with 25 percent mung bean pulp with ₱166.565 and the birds fed with 25 percent mung bean pulp with ₱160.00. Highly significant differences exist among the different treatments in terms of total profit. The total profit decreased as the percentage of mung bean pulp mixed with commercial feeds was increased. The birds fed with pure commercial feeds has the highest mean total profit of 60.84, the birds given 15 percent mung bean pulp with 63.82, the birds fed with 25 percent mung bean pulp with 46.236 and the birds fed with 35 percent mung bean pulp with 24.77. No statistical difference was found between birds fed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp. Feed consumption patterns are not consistent, as such the feed conversion efficiency as well. Improved palatability of mung bean pulp meal will improve feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency as well. As a whole, there is no significant statistical difference in terms of gain in weight, feed conversion efficiency, total weight and total profit between birds feed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed 15% mung bean pulp which proves that this treatment or mixture is best as a feed supplement for Peterson broilers. 1. Find out ways of improving mung bean pulp palatability to improve feed consumption and consequently improve feed conversion efficiency and total gain in weight as well. 2. Find out what point in poultry growing is mung bean pulp best given.Item Attitude and academic achievement in Biology of PMA class 2014(2011-10) Almoite, Anaclito Gohangna Jr.This study investigated the relationship of attitude and academic achievement in Biology of PMA Class 2014. First, this study assessed the attitude of cadets in Biology in the cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimension. Second, this study identified the level academic achievement in Biology of PMA Class 2014. Finally, this study correlated attitude and academic achievement in Biology of PMA Class 2014. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between attitude and academic achievement in Biology of PMA Class 2014. Specifically this study aimed to answer the following questions:1. What is the cadets' attitude towards biology in the following dimensions: a. cognitive b. affective c. behavioral Hypothesis: The cadets' attitude towards biology in three dimensions is positive. What is the level of achievement in Biology of the PMA class 2014? Hypothesis: The level of academic achievement in Biology of Class 2014 is satisfactory. 3.What is the relationship between the attitude towards Biology and academic achievement in Biology of the cadets? Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between attitude towards Biology and academic achievement in Biology of the cadets. 4.What program may be developed to improve the attitude of cadets towards Biology? The descriptive-correlational method and document analysis were used in this study because it described the attitude of the cadets towards Biology in three dimensions and the level of academic achievement in Biology of PMA class 2014, and the relationship of attitude and academic achievement in Biology. The sample from which data in this research was drawn consisted of one hundred seventy five (175) out of the total population of three hundred ten (310) cadets. To determine the cadet's attitude towards Biology, frequency and weighted mean were used. The mean of every item and the factor mean in the 30- item Biology Attitude were obtained after which, every item was interpreted based on the four-point Likert scale. The frequency of every item was also obtained in the three dimensions, namely cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Frequency, Percentage, Mean, and Standard Deviation were used to identify the level of academic achievement in Biology of PMA Class 2014. Pearson's r was used to determine the relationship between attitude towards Biology and academic achievement in Biology of PMA Class 2014. The correlation coefficient of each dimension (cognitive, affective, and behavioral) was also obtained. This is to identify the degree of relationship of attitude and academic achievement in the three dimensions. The following are the major findings of the study: 1.The cadets' attitude towards Biology is positive in cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimension. 2.The level of achievement in Biology of PMA Class 2014 is very satisfactory. 3.There is a significant relationship between cognitive, affective, and behavioral attitude and academic achievement in Biology of PMA Class 2014. In light of the findings of the study, the following are the conclusions: 1.The PMA cadets like Biology. 2.The cadets are successful in passing their Biology course in the academy. 3. Attitude is a predictor of academic achievement in Biology. In relation with the findings and conclusions of this research, the following are recommended: 1.Biology has to be taught using more innovative strategies and technologies to sustain the interest of cadets in the course. 2. Faculty Development Programs and /or teacher trainings have to be considered stressing upon supervised and independent study as essential methods of teaching to promote good attitude towards Biology.3.Positive attitude formation has to be made an important objective of education. For this purpose, a democratic atmosphere might be created in the classroom by using diverse methods of grouping students, teaching, and evaluating them. 4.Other Recommendations: a. Similar studies may be carried out in other courses to generalize result of the present study with other subjects. b. A follow up study be done to include other factors such as gender, IQ, educational background, age, socio-economic status, and others that may affect the attitude of cadets towards other courses in the academy. c. Findings of this study should be considered in curriculum design, training of teachers and policy matters regarding curriculum development.Item Spiritual intelligence and happiness among college students(2014-06) Gaylican, Maria Teresa L.There are different types of intelligence that a person can use in order to surpass life's difficulty. One of these intelligences is spiritual intelligence. Spiritual intelligence may lend itself to peoples' motivation for fulfilling their human potential and improving the future through changing the status quo of behaviors dominated by power, oppression, and over consumption (Wilner, 2012). It is assumed that with spiritual intelligence a person can achieve happiness. This study aims to find out the relationship between spiritual intelligence and happiness among college students. The results of this study were used to design a program that will further enhance the spiritual intelligence and happiness of the students. The researcher sought to determine the relationship between spiritual intelligence and happiness among college students. Specifically, the study attempted to provide answers to the following questions: 1. What is the level of spiritual intelligence among the college students as to: a. Critical existential thinking; b. Personal meaning production; c. Transcendental awareness; and d. Conscious state expansion? 2. What is the level of happiness among college students as to: a. domestic or family affairs; b. interpersonal relations; c. health; and d. achievement? 3. What is the relationship between spiritual intelligence and happiness among college students? Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and happiness among college students. 4. What program can be formulated for the enhancement of the spiritual intelligence and happiness among college students? Descriptive-correlational method was employed in this research to find out the relationship between spiritual intelligence and happiness among college students. The respondents of this study were the tertiary students of the Easter College who are enrolled during the Second Semester of the school year 2013-2014. The researcher used two questionnaires to determine the spiritual intelligence and happiness of college students. The Spiritual Intelligence Self-Inventory (SISRI¬24) by King (2008) and happiness questionnaire based from the book of psychology tests authored by Evans (1979). The data gathered were tallied and used in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for the interpretation of the test results. The statistical tools used were weighted mean, Pearson's r, and multiple regression. The following are the major findings of the study: 1. The college students' level of spiritual intelligence is high as to: a. critical existential thinking; b. personal meaning production; c. transcendental awareness; and d. conscious state expansion. 2. The college students' level of happiness is high as to: a. domestic or family affairs; b. interpersonal relations; c. health; d. and achievement. 3. There is a significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and happiness among college students of Easter College. Personal meaning production and critical existential thinking are predictors of happiness. Based on the findings, the following are the conclusions of the study: 1. The students can grasp the significance of finding the meaning of their life and the purpose of their existence. They are more capable of surpassing predicaments by recognizing and connecting to themselves, others and the Supreme Being through prayers, meditation, and contemplation. 2. The students are generally happy when it comes to their domestic or family life, interpersonal relations, health and achievement. Thus, they can experience happiness in all aspects of their life despite of difficulties and are contented with their current life situation. 3. There is a positive moderate relationship between spiritual intelligence and happiness among college students. As the students enhance their spiritual intelligence their level of happiness also increases to a moderate extent. Based on the findings of the study, the following are the recommendations: 1. To maintain the high level of spiritual intelligence, the Guidance Office and Student Affairs Office can facilitate trainings, seminar/workshops about developing critical thinking, finding life's purpose, self-awareness and techniques to enter and exit higher/spiritual states of consciousness that the college students may engage themselves for them to boost their spiritual intelligence. The college students can also reach out to the people who can help them in developing their SQ such as their priest, counselors, instructors and others. It is also suggested that they continue to develop their SQ by keeping up and giving voice to their values to bring meaning in their life for them to achieve greater fulfillment. 2. Knowing the high level of happiness among college students, a program or activities that will enhance their happiness can be made by the Guidance Office and Student Affairs Office. The said offices may disseminate the importance of attaining real happiness in achieving one's goal can be facilitated through seminars, lectures, or handing out brochures to help the students get hold of true happiness in their life. Attending seminars/workshops about handling their stress, knowing their strengths and weakness and resolving their personal issues and conflicts may help them realize how to attain happiness in the midst of their hectic schedule. Since domestic or family affairs got the lowest mean in happiness, it is suggested that the Guidance Office provide a seminar/workshop on how to establish a good relationship and communication with their family. 3. Since there is a significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and happiness, it is recommended that the school administrators integrate lessons in Christian Education 1 and Christian Education 2 or other related subjects that would incorporate values, activities and trainings regarding the development of SQ and achieving happiness. In addition, instructors may integrate lessons that will enhance the college students SQ and happiness. With this, the college students will be able to maximize their full potential as well as use SQ and happiness to reach their goals in life. 4. The program developed by the researcher to enhance the level of spiritual intelligence and happiness may be reviewed by the school administrators, guidance counselors, social institutions, teachers and other people involve for improvement as well as implementation of the said module. 5. The instructors are also suggested to further enhance their knowledge about SQ and finding authentic happiness since they will be a partner in boosting the SQ and happiness of the students. 6. The students may read self-help books about enhancing their personal and spiritual growth and happiness for them to further develop their high level of spiritual intelligence and happiness. 7. Further studies must be conducted employing other variables such as sex, age, course, family structure and others. This is to establish and broaden the relationship between SQ and happiness.Item Realm of cyber abuse: Cyberbullying and suicidality among teenagers(2014-10) Zabala, Mayrilyn P.This research study investigated the prevalence and the extent of cyberbullying and suicidality among teenagers in selected schools in Baguio City. In this modern digital generation, the abuse of information and communication technologies has been an issue besetting the youth today. Knowledge of these contemporary challenges could raise public awareness among various school communities, community leaders, school administrators, parents and teenagers regarding cyberbullying and suicidality among teenagers. This research aimed to determine the relationship between cyberbullying and suicidality among teenagers in selected schools in Baguio City. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions with its corresponding hypothesis: 1. What is cyberbullying as experienced by teenagers in terms of; a. forms; b. modalities; and c. perpetrators? 2. What is the extent of cyberbullying victimization as experienced by teenagers? 3. What is the level of suicidality among cyberbullied teenagers? 4. What is the relationship between cyberbullying and suicidality among cyberbullied teenagers Hypothesis: There is a significant positive correlation between cyberbullying and suicidality among cyberbullied teenagers. 5. What are the coping behaviors of teenagers who experienced cyberbullying? The data were gathered from secondary high school students in selected schools in Baguio City through survey method and were treated using weighted mean, percentage and Pearson moment correlation through SPSS. To validate and corroborate the data gathered, focused-group discussion (FGD) with some of the respondents was conducted. Based on the interpretation and analysis of the data, the researcher developed an action plan as a contribution for the continuous prevention of cyberbullying incidence among in-school teenagers. The following are the findings of this research: 1. Overall, teenagers claimed to have experienced cyberbullying in different modalities. They perceived that they were cyberbullied mostly in Facebook. Though cyberbullying poses an emerging issue among teenagers, it is not oftenly accounted at all times as shown by the data regarding the extent of their cybervictimization. 2. Cyberbullying experiences did not guarantee a greater impact or level of cybervictimization among those who were cyberbullied. Flaming usually happened among in-school teenagers. Statistically, from the total population (f=388) of this study, 382 (21%) in-school teenagers have experienced flaming, 325 (18%) in-school teenagers have experienced harassment, 279 (15%) in-school teenagers have experienced denigration and outing, 122 (7%) in-school teenagers have experienced impersonation, 244 (13%) in-school teenagers have experienced social exclusion, 228 (13%) in-school teenagers have experienced cyberstalking, 242 (13%) in-school teenagers have experienced cyberthreats. 3. In-school, teenagers did not have the tendency to carry out actions which are self-injurious in nature. This implies their ability to have hopefulness attitude and confidence. 4. The extent of cybervictimization is not a causative factor to suicidality among in-school teenagers, contrary to the belief that adolescents who are mostly prone to cyberbullying victimization tend to have suicidal thoughts and actions as claimed by other researchers and the media. 5. Respondents utilized practical or realistic coping strategies though some of them at times, ignored and blocked these cyberbullies. The result did not imply whether cyberbullied teenagers cope positively or negatively. Based on the findings, the following are the conclusions of this study: 1. Cyberbullying happens more than once among in-school teenagers in Facebook. The cause of cyberbullying starts with heated expressions and exchanged of vulgar words, offensive and insulting messages from unknown cyberbullies. Hence, there is likelihood that victims have the ability to gain control over the situation and the bully by fighting back. 2. Cyberbullying victimization is not greatly observed and is least experienced by in-school teenagers. Hence, cyberbullying is not a predisposing issue among teenagers at this time. 3. In-school teenagers did not have the tendency to carry out actions which are self-injurious in nature. This implies their ability to have hopefulness attitude and confidence. 4. Cyberbullying victimization experiences do not lead one to have suicidal judgment, beliefs and suicidal actions which will eventually lead to complete suicide. 5. Some in-school teenagers who claimed to be cyberbullied were able to handle their situation since most of them found helpful ways on how to prevent the bullying using information and communication technologies. Based on the findings, the following are recommended: 1. Seminars and trainings be given to parents, students and other school stakeholders regarding Facebook features and on how to set up the privacy setting of one's account in order to prevent the incidence of cyberbullying. Facebook Community standards and policies have to be followed firmly. 2. It is suggested that home-school partnership has to be continuously supported. In this way, parents, teachers and school administrators will continue to plan, assess and evaluate programs for the best interest of in-school adolescents in terms of their academic, skills and social development. 3. For community leaders, they have to adopt programs and policies that could address cyberbullying in computer shops, inside or outside the school and in the community. Parents and other constituents in the community have to be active in facilitating and implementing barangay programs for the cyber-wellness of youths. This is to continuously monitor their psychological safety in the community and at the same time it will strengthen their discipline and morale when using electronic forms of communication. 4. Guidance counselors, other practitioners and school administrators continue anti-bullying campaign in their guidance program in order to create a friendly and pleasant learning environment. They should also provide rules and procedures in handling bullying incidents in school. Further, these policies shall include disciplinary measures and preventive action plans in order to address offensive bullying behaviors. 5. Educators in each grade and year level strengthen prevention of bullying by providing anti-cyberbullying modules and activities into the curriculum so that the culture of honesty, respect, acceptance and open-mindedness be enhanced among among in-school teenagers. Anti-bullying month may perhaps be part of the school's student development programs and guidance program in coordination with the Parent-Teacher's Association. 6. For school administrators, with the leadership of the school Principal and in coordination with the Guidance Counselors, staff, Parents and Teachers Association; social support group has to be organized and established as Child Protection Committee in the school to plan, implement and evaluate the guidelines and policies that prevent bullying to be included and elucidated in the Student Handbook or Manual. Discipline Committee is also suggested for the appropriate intervention for students who committed uncompromising bullying behavior. 7. The Department of Education (DepEd) actively and continuously support school anti-bullying programs in order to stop cyberbullying incidents among in-school teenagers by continuously launching awareness campaign regarding the "Anti-bullying Act of 2013 (Republic Act 10627)", an act requiring all elementary and secondary schools to adopt policies to prevent and address the acts of bullying in one's institutions and by raising public awareness on the existing implementing rules and regulations especially to various schools, parents and community constituents. 8. With reference to Republic Act 10627 (R.A. 10627); the respondents' school or even other public or private schools have to implement the requirements of the said law. Thus, preventive programs, supportive actions and disciplinary policies or interventions are suggested in order to ensure the physical, emotional and psychological safety of learners in the school and other involved school stakeholders. In addition to that, these requirements shall serve as a righteous guide to all stakeholders and as a direction towards encouraging learning environment and productive learning. 9. To further investigate the incidence of cyberbullying, future researchers shall replicate these findings in bigger population and diversed demographics. Future researchers can also investigate teenagers from within Baguio City schools or outside Baguio City in order to compare if they yield the same results. Variables such as age, sex, type of school and ethnicity could moderate such future investigations on this issue. Hence, results of shared researches could be used so as to procure continuous cyber-protective measures for in-school teenagers with the use of advanced information and computer technology programs where experts on the field facilitate and construct such software programs. 10. Future researchers may utilize purely qualitative design such as case study approaches and experimental method (treatment group) or any forms of design or method in order to examine in-detail and in an in-depth and intensive manner the different forms of cyberbullying so as to come up with a variety of theories. For instance, future investigators can also compare if the degree of traditional bullying experiences influences the likelihood of teenagers to practice bullying in the cyberspace. For those reasons, qualitative results shall strongly support the existing research findings and conclusions of this study.Item Problems and coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in the City of Baguio(2007) White, Rosalyn FianzaAll around the world, there are millions of people who are not given the chance to see the beauty of God's creation. They do not get to see the different species of plants and animals, the splendors of the forest and the seas, the wideness of the clear blue skies, and most of all, the very faces of their family members. Yes, these people were given the eyes but were denied the eyesight - the visually impaired. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 145 million people are blind worldwide and an additional 160 million worldwide suffer from low vision. Seventy (70%) percent of this worldwide figures on blindness can be accounted to Cataract, Trachoma and Glaucoma while the remaining 30% could either be because of conchoriasis, lack of vitamin A, muscular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. The visually impaired just like the deaf, mute and others, belong to the so called special people and to be more politically correct of calling them "disabled". Therefore, since they are special, they have different patterns, styles, methods and strategies compared to normal people or individuals without any disability. They have no choice but to compensate their weakness with what they can as part of their survival. Just like the visually impaired, since they cannot see, their vision is compensated with strong sense of touch and hearing. On the other hand, the deaf and mute try to communicate using body language or "signs". These are only some of the coping strategies they use to go with the main stream patterns of behavior. The researcher deemed it important to study the present condition of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses because by way of investigating, their problems and needs may be identified as physically challenged individuals. Also, the sighted community will gain knowledge of how these people manage their own affairs and if any form of assistance that they need may be addressed properly and accordingly. It is also important to learn from the respondents if any existing bills of programs are favorably working for them or if there are other matters or areas that needs to be taken up to add for their welfare as special sector of the society. This study entitled "Problems and Coping Strategies of the Visually Impaired Masseurs and Masseuses in the city of Baguio" attempted to identify and classify the problems encountered by the respondents and how they cope in order to overcome their problems or any stressful situation. This paper specifically aimed to answer the following questions: 1. What are the pressing problems encountered by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in the city of Baguio in the following areas? a. Finance and employment? b. Home, family and living condition? c. Health and physical condition? 2. What are the different coping strategies used by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in order to overcome the above mentioned problems? 3. How do problems and coping strategies relate to gender, civil status and advent of visual impairment? Based on the analysis of data gathered for the study, the following results were established: 1. The pressing problems encountered by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in the area of "finance and employment" are "too much financial problems" and "no fixed steady income" rated as moderately pressing problems. The least pressing problems are under "home, family and living condition". Problems in the area of "health and physical condition" are not pressing problems. 2. The visually impaired masseurs and masseuses use coping strategies. Respondents often employ active-cognitive coping strategies; sometimes use active-behavioral coping strategies; and rarely apply avoidance coping strategies" to cope. 3. Problems and coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses are significantly correlated according to gender, civil status and advent of visual impairment. 3.a According to gender, respondents have a perfect correlation of problems in the area of "finance and employment". Respondents significantly considered these problems under this area in the same order implying that the female and male respondents view the problems in this area in the same level or degree. 3.b According to gender, the respondents have a low correlation of problems in the area of home, family and living condition. Female respondents are more affected with the problems enumerated in this area. 3.c According to gender, respondents have a high correlation of problems in the area of health and physical condition. Both the female and male respondents of the study view the problems enumerated in this area in almost the same level. 3.d According to gender, the respondents have a high correlation in the application of active-cognitive coping strategies. 3.e According to gender, the respondents have a moderate correlation in the application of active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.f According to gender, respondents have a very high correlation in the rare application of avoidance coping strategies. 3.g According to civil status, the respondents have a very high correlation of problems in the area of finance and employment. Regardless of their civil status, they agree to have problems under this area. 3.h According to civil status, the respondents have a moderate correlation of problems in the area of home, family and living condition. 3.i According to civil status, the respondents have a moderate correlation of problems in the area of health and physical condition. 3.j According to civil status, the respondents have a low correlation in the application of active-cognitive coping strategies. 3.k According to civil status, the respondents have a moderate correlation in the application of active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.1. According to civil status, the respondents have a high correlation in the application of avoidance coping strategies. 3. m. According to their advent of visual impairment, the respondents have a high correlation of problems in the area of finance and employment. 3.n According to advent of visual impairment, respondents have a moderate correlation of problems in the area of home, family and living condition. 3.o According to advent of visual impairment, respondents have a moderate correlation of the problems in the area of health and physical condition. 3.p According to advent of visual impairment, the respondents have a moderate correlation in the application of Active-cognitive coping strategies. 3.q According to advent of visual impairment, the respondents showed a high correlation in the application of Active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.r According to advent of visual impairment, the respondents have a high correlation in the application of Avoidance coping strategies. Based on the salient findings of the study, the following conclusions have been drawn by the researcher. 1. The visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have moderately pressing problems in the area of "finance and employment"; "home, family and living condition" as "least pressing problems" and "health and physical condition" as "not pressing problems". 2. The visually impaired masseurs and masseuses often use as active-cognitive coping strategies. Respondents sometimes employ active-behavioral coping strategies and rarely apply the avoidance coping strategies as a way of coping. 3.a Problems encountered by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses on "finance and employment" and "health and physical condition" are highly related to gender, whereas "home, family and living condition" problems have low correlation based on gender. 3.b The active-cognitive coping strategies and avoidance coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have a very high correlation according to gender while moderate correlation in the application of active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.c Problems of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses on "finance and employment" is highly related according to civil status while problems under "home, family and living condition" and health and physical condition" are moderately related. 3.d The active-cognitive coping strategies used by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have a low correlation according to civil status. The active-behavioral coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses are moderately correlated. There is a high correlation in the use of avoidance coping strategies. 3.e. The problems of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses under "finance and employment" are highly correlated according to advent of visual impairment. Problems under "home, family and living condition" and "health and physical condition" have a moderate correlation. 3.f. The active-cognitive coping strategies employed by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have a moderate correlation according to advent of visual impairment. There is a high correlation in the employment of active-behavioral coping strategies and avoidance coping strategies. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are forwarded: 1. The national government in collaboration with the local government of the city of Baguio should in their budget allocation for this special sector of the society for construction of clinics and creation of alternative jobs suited for the visually impaired constituents. 2. The government should attend to existing bills or programs that will be geared towards the alleviation of the benefits being provided to the individuals who are physically challenged like the visually impaired. 3. The Department of Health should create programs to address the specific health needs of the visually impaired in the local as well as national level. 4. Government line agencies as well as non-government agencies must continue to provide enhancement training and seminars that can help the visually impaired in managing their own affairs. 5. The government line agencies and non-government agencies should continuously support the organizations of the visually impaired by making them part of social activities that can boost up their self confidence. 6. More studies about the visually impaired should be encouraged by the different educational institutions or research centers in order to fully understand their condition or state in life.Item The social anxiety of Tinguians(2005-06) Sannadan, Marilou BascoThe respondents of the study were the Tinguian college students duly enrolled in Divine Word College of Bangued, school year 2004-2005. The Fear of Negative Evaluations (FNE) Scale and the Manchester Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) were used as the data gathering instruments. The FNE has 30 items that measure the signs of anxiety and ineffective social behaviors that would incur disapproval from others. The MPQ was used to determine the personality type of the respondents. The researcher adopted the descriptive-correlational method of research to investigate the relationship between the level of social anxiety and the variables gender, year level, geographical location of residence, occupation of parents and personality type. The researcher also used the comparative method to determine if significant difference existed in the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students when compared according to the variables identified. The statistical tools used were the two-tailed test (t-test), the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Chi-square test. The indigenous people in the Province of Abra are the Tinguians or Itnegs. Abra is often associated to Tinguian but the National Statistics Office's (NSO) survey in 2000 revealed only twenty percent (20%) of them from the total population in the province (NSO, 2005). They used to comprise twenty-five percent (25%) of the total population for the last ten years or so. The rest of the population consider themselves Ilocanos. Hence, there is truth in the article, Nominations 2002, in the Baguio Midland Courier on January 3, 2005 that the endangered species are the indigenous people (Anonymous, 2005). One of the reasons they decrease is due to intermarriages with other cultural affiliations. And sometimes their decrease in number is explained in the community where they live, which includes how other people of cultural affiliations see and treat them. As a minority group, their fear of negative evaluations from other people may be due to stereotypes known about them which eventually result to their becoming shy and nervous, and that lead them to perform less in school than they should. They also behave according to the stereotypes attached to their ethnicity, or they assimilate themselves to the majority so as not to be different from other people's styles and practices. This study answered the following problems: 1. What is the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students? 2. How does the level of social anxiety among the Tinguian college students differ according to: a. gender, b. year level, c. occupation of parents, and d. geographic location of residence? 3. How does personality type relate to the level of social anxiety? The study tested the following hypotheses: 1. The level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students is high. 2. There is a significant difference in the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students when compared according to: a. gender, b. year level, c. occupation of parents, and d. geographic location of residence. 3. There is a significant relationship between the personality type of the Tinguian college students and the level of social anxiety. The findings of the study based on the analysis of the gathered data are presented as follows: 1. Majority of the respondents has a high level of social anxiety whereas no one among the respondents has very high and very low levels of social anxiety. 2. a. There is a significant difference in the level of social anxiety of the respondents when compared according to gender. b. There is no significant difference in the level of social anxiety of the respondents when compared according to year level. c. The level of social anxiety does not significantly differ when compared to the geographic location of residence. d. The level of social anxiety of the respondents does not significantly differ when compared according to the occupation of parents. 3. There is no significant relationship between personality type and the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are derived: 1. The Tinguian college students generally have a high level of social anxiety. 2. a. Gender significantly influences the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. b. Year level does not influence the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. c. The location of residence does not exert influence on the level of social anxiety of the student-respondents. d. The occupation of parents does not exert influence on the level of social anxiety of the respondents. The occupation of mother and the occupation of father do not significantly affect the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. 3. The personality type of the Tinguian college students does not significantly influence the level of social anxiety. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are recommended: 1. Since there is a high level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students, it is recommended that there should be sensitivity training programs and seminar workshops on values, social orientation on proper etiquette, on gaining more self-confidence, and even leadership training or other trainings pertaining to better human and social relationships to be conducted by the Guidance Counselors whose programs and services center on the socio-emotional and personality development of students. 2. a. The Guidance Counselors, in coordination with the organizations that uplift, protect and promote the welfare of women and equality of rights between men and women, should conduct gender sensitivity seminar workshops to the Tinguian college students for them to understand their social roles better and also to obtain from them support for women empowerment in their communities. b. The Tinguian Students Association (TSA) should also conduct an orientation program for new Tinguian college students for them to adjust to their new environment, new school. During Cordillera Day or Tinguian Feast Day, the TSA, in coordination with the Students' Affairs Office, should also come up with a program showcasing the talents of all Tinguian college students that will actually serve as an inspiration for new Tinguian college students to develop and to show their hidden talents as well. c. The Tinguian professionals both from the mountain and valley Tinguian municipalities and who are public and private employees who have graduated from the Divine Word College of Bangued should actively participate and strengthen the Alumni Association. They should attend gatherings and homecoming of the association, which in return inspire the Tinguian youth to follow their steps to becoming responsible citizens. Moreover, the TSA could even conduct meetings with the parents of these students. They could have a family day where the parents and their children be acquainted with each other and form social bond among them. The parents shall be informed of their children's performances in school including how they can develop ways to encourage their children to become better students. The parents must be informed on how to work closely with the faculty for their sons and daughters' development of social, emotional, and even intellectual aspects; to help them boost their cultural identities and heritage as Tinguians without separating them as either mountain or valley Tinguian. d. Public and private organizations which have something to do with the welfare of the indigenous peoples, community organizing and people empowerment should include in their programs the recognition of students affiliated with the Tinguian ethnicity, regardless of the occupation of their parents, by providing them trainings on leadership, value and social orientation, and personality development. 3. The faculty members, the Student Affairs' Office, the Guidance Office Personnel and the Tinguian Students Association's Adviser and its co-advisers must encourage, help and provide moral support during Cordillera and Tinguian Days to Tinguian college students so that they will be exposed in the school and in the province to perform, to dance, sing or play games, or even to participate in the preparation of such programs so that they can share their thoughts, ideas, and talents to other people even if they are shy or have the preference to work only with people who are affiliated with Tinguians. 4. Further studies should be conducted to determine the personality profile of the Tinguian college students along the dimensions of personality like the Big Five Factors of personality. Another study can be conducted to determine the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students when compared according to their academic performance. Another study would be conducted to verify the causes of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students.