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Item The Effects of varying levels of mungbean pulp on the performance of Peterson broilers(1989-03) Badival, Elena Tarlit,The major purpose of this study was to obtain a baseline information on possible feed supplements for poultry. Specifically, it was conducted to determine the effects of varying levels of mungbean pulp on the performance of Peterson broilers. It was intended to determine further level that will give the best result not only on weight performance but also on net return per bird. A total of eighty chicks were used as subjects on the study. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used. Blue Ribbon Feeds were used as base ration and dried mungbean pulp was used as feed supplement. Four treatments used were as follows: T0 - Control== pure commercial feeds (no mungbean pulp added) T1 - 15 percent mungbean pulp mixed with commercial feeds T2 - 25 percent mungbean pulp mixed with commercial feeds T3 - 35 percent mungbean pulp mixed with commercial feeds. Data gathered were initial weight, feed consumption, gain in weight, feed conversion efficiency and total weight.This study yielded the following specific findings: Highly significant differences exist among the different treatments in terms of feed consumption, gain in weight, fee conversion efficiency and total weight. These aspects decreased as the percentage of mung bean pulp mixed with the base ration was increased. Palatability was one factor that affected these. In terms of gain in weight, T0 (Control) had a mean gain in weight of 6,419 kilograms. Among the treatments given mung bean pulp preparations, T1 (15 percent mung bean pulp) has the next gain in weight of 6.0 kilograms followed by T2 (25 percent mung bean pulp) with a mean gain in weight of 5.425. T3 (35 percent mung bean pulp) had the least mean gain in weight of 4.696. However, no significant statistical difference was found between the birds fed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp. In terms of feed consumption, the birds fed with pure commercial feeds had a mean consumption of 12. 874 kilograms, the bird fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp with 12.492 kilograms, the birds with 25 percent mung bean pulp with 12.452 kilograms and the birds with 35 percent mung bean pulp with 12.038 kilograms. In the aspect of feed conversion efficiency, T0 had the highest feed conversion efficiency with a mean of 2.006. Among those given mung bean pulp. T1 had a feed conversion efficiency of 2.084, T2 with 2.578 and T3 with 2.243. No statistical significant difference was found between the birds fed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp. In terms of total weight. T0 had the highest mean total weight among the treatments, with a mean total weight of 6.592 kilograms. Among the treatments given mung bean pulp preparation, the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp gave the best result with a mean total weight of 6.175 kilograms, the birds given 25 percent mung bean pulp with 5.6 kilograms and the birds given 35 percent mung bean pulp with 4.862 kilograms. Again no significant statistical difference was found between the birds fed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp. Highly significant differences exist among the different treatment means in terms of total expenses incurred. Total expenses incurred decreased as the percentage mung bean pulp mixed commercial feeds was increased. The birds fed with pure commercial feeds incurred the highest mean production cost of ₱179.67, the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp with ₱170.82, the birds fed with 25 percent mung bean pulp with ₱166.565 and the birds fed with 25 percent mung bean pulp with ₱160.00. Highly significant differences exist among the different treatments in terms of total profit. The total profit decreased as the percentage of mung bean pulp mixed with commercial feeds was increased. The birds fed with pure commercial feeds has the highest mean total profit of 60.84, the birds given 15 percent mung bean pulp with 63.82, the birds fed with 25 percent mung bean pulp with 46.236 and the birds fed with 35 percent mung bean pulp with 24.77. No statistical difference was found between birds fed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed with 15 percent mung bean pulp. Feed consumption patterns are not consistent, as such the feed conversion efficiency as well. Improved palatability of mung bean pulp meal will improve feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency as well. As a whole, there is no significant statistical difference in terms of gain in weight, feed conversion efficiency, total weight and total profit between birds feed with pure commercial feeds and the birds fed 15% mung bean pulp which proves that this treatment or mixture is best as a feed supplement for Peterson broilers. 1. Find out ways of improving mung bean pulp palatability to improve feed consumption and consequently improve feed conversion efficiency and total gain in weight as well. 2. Find out what point in poultry growing is mung bean pulp best given.Item Problems and coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in the City of Baguio(2007) White, Rosalyn FianzaAll around the world, there are millions of people who are not given the chance to see the beauty of God's creation. They do not get to see the different species of plants and animals, the splendors of the forest and the seas, the wideness of the clear blue skies, and most of all, the very faces of their family members. Yes, these people were given the eyes but were denied the eyesight - the visually impaired. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 145 million people are blind worldwide and an additional 160 million worldwide suffer from low vision. Seventy (70%) percent of this worldwide figures on blindness can be accounted to Cataract, Trachoma and Glaucoma while the remaining 30% could either be because of conchoriasis, lack of vitamin A, muscular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. The visually impaired just like the deaf, mute and others, belong to the so called special people and to be more politically correct of calling them "disabled". Therefore, since they are special, they have different patterns, styles, methods and strategies compared to normal people or individuals without any disability. They have no choice but to compensate their weakness with what they can as part of their survival. Just like the visually impaired, since they cannot see, their vision is compensated with strong sense of touch and hearing. On the other hand, the deaf and mute try to communicate using body language or "signs". These are only some of the coping strategies they use to go with the main stream patterns of behavior. The researcher deemed it important to study the present condition of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses because by way of investigating, their problems and needs may be identified as physically challenged individuals. Also, the sighted community will gain knowledge of how these people manage their own affairs and if any form of assistance that they need may be addressed properly and accordingly. It is also important to learn from the respondents if any existing bills of programs are favorably working for them or if there are other matters or areas that needs to be taken up to add for their welfare as special sector of the society. This study entitled "Problems and Coping Strategies of the Visually Impaired Masseurs and Masseuses in the city of Baguio" attempted to identify and classify the problems encountered by the respondents and how they cope in order to overcome their problems or any stressful situation. This paper specifically aimed to answer the following questions: 1. What are the pressing problems encountered by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in the city of Baguio in the following areas? a. Finance and employment? b. Home, family and living condition? c. Health and physical condition? 2. What are the different coping strategies used by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in order to overcome the above mentioned problems? 3. How do problems and coping strategies relate to gender, civil status and advent of visual impairment? Based on the analysis of data gathered for the study, the following results were established: 1. The pressing problems encountered by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in the area of "finance and employment" are "too much financial problems" and "no fixed steady income" rated as moderately pressing problems. The least pressing problems are under "home, family and living condition". Problems in the area of "health and physical condition" are not pressing problems. 2. The visually impaired masseurs and masseuses use coping strategies. Respondents often employ active-cognitive coping strategies; sometimes use active-behavioral coping strategies; and rarely apply avoidance coping strategies" to cope. 3. Problems and coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses are significantly correlated according to gender, civil status and advent of visual impairment. 3.a According to gender, respondents have a perfect correlation of problems in the area of "finance and employment". Respondents significantly considered these problems under this area in the same order implying that the female and male respondents view the problems in this area in the same level or degree. 3.b According to gender, the respondents have a low correlation of problems in the area of home, family and living condition. Female respondents are more affected with the problems enumerated in this area. 3.c According to gender, respondents have a high correlation of problems in the area of health and physical condition. Both the female and male respondents of the study view the problems enumerated in this area in almost the same level. 3.d According to gender, the respondents have a high correlation in the application of active-cognitive coping strategies. 3.e According to gender, the respondents have a moderate correlation in the application of active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.f According to gender, respondents have a very high correlation in the rare application of avoidance coping strategies. 3.g According to civil status, the respondents have a very high correlation of problems in the area of finance and employment. Regardless of their civil status, they agree to have problems under this area. 3.h According to civil status, the respondents have a moderate correlation of problems in the area of home, family and living condition. 3.i According to civil status, the respondents have a moderate correlation of problems in the area of health and physical condition. 3.j According to civil status, the respondents have a low correlation in the application of active-cognitive coping strategies. 3.k According to civil status, the respondents have a moderate correlation in the application of active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.1. According to civil status, the respondents have a high correlation in the application of avoidance coping strategies. 3. m. According to their advent of visual impairment, the respondents have a high correlation of problems in the area of finance and employment. 3.n According to advent of visual impairment, respondents have a moderate correlation of problems in the area of home, family and living condition. 3.o According to advent of visual impairment, respondents have a moderate correlation of the problems in the area of health and physical condition. 3.p According to advent of visual impairment, the respondents have a moderate correlation in the application of Active-cognitive coping strategies. 3.q According to advent of visual impairment, the respondents showed a high correlation in the application of Active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.r According to advent of visual impairment, the respondents have a high correlation in the application of Avoidance coping strategies. Based on the salient findings of the study, the following conclusions have been drawn by the researcher. 1. The visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have moderately pressing problems in the area of "finance and employment"; "home, family and living condition" as "least pressing problems" and "health and physical condition" as "not pressing problems". 2. The visually impaired masseurs and masseuses often use as active-cognitive coping strategies. Respondents sometimes employ active-behavioral coping strategies and rarely apply the avoidance coping strategies as a way of coping. 3.a Problems encountered by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses on "finance and employment" and "health and physical condition" are highly related to gender, whereas "home, family and living condition" problems have low correlation based on gender. 3.b The active-cognitive coping strategies and avoidance coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have a very high correlation according to gender while moderate correlation in the application of active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.c Problems of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses on "finance and employment" is highly related according to civil status while problems under "home, family and living condition" and health and physical condition" are moderately related. 3.d The active-cognitive coping strategies used by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have a low correlation according to civil status. The active-behavioral coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses are moderately correlated. There is a high correlation in the use of avoidance coping strategies. 3.e. The problems of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses under "finance and employment" are highly correlated according to advent of visual impairment. Problems under "home, family and living condition" and "health and physical condition" have a moderate correlation. 3.f. The active-cognitive coping strategies employed by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have a moderate correlation according to advent of visual impairment. There is a high correlation in the employment of active-behavioral coping strategies and avoidance coping strategies. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are forwarded: 1. The national government in collaboration with the local government of the city of Baguio should in their budget allocation for this special sector of the society for construction of clinics and creation of alternative jobs suited for the visually impaired constituents. 2. The government should attend to existing bills or programs that will be geared towards the alleviation of the benefits being provided to the individuals who are physically challenged like the visually impaired. 3. The Department of Health should create programs to address the specific health needs of the visually impaired in the local as well as national level. 4. Government line agencies as well as non-government agencies must continue to provide enhancement training and seminars that can help the visually impaired in managing their own affairs. 5. The government line agencies and non-government agencies should continuously support the organizations of the visually impaired by making them part of social activities that can boost up their self confidence. 6. More studies about the visually impaired should be encouraged by the different educational institutions or research centers in order to fully understand their condition or state in life.Item The social anxiety of Tinguians(2005-06) Sannadan, Marilou BascoThe respondents of the study were the Tinguian college students duly enrolled in Divine Word College of Bangued, school year 2004-2005. The Fear of Negative Evaluations (FNE) Scale and the Manchester Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) were used as the data gathering instruments. The FNE has 30 items that measure the signs of anxiety and ineffective social behaviors that would incur disapproval from others. The MPQ was used to determine the personality type of the respondents. The researcher adopted the descriptive-correlational method of research to investigate the relationship between the level of social anxiety and the variables gender, year level, geographical location of residence, occupation of parents and personality type. The researcher also used the comparative method to determine if significant difference existed in the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students when compared according to the variables identified. The statistical tools used were the two-tailed test (t-test), the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Chi-square test. The indigenous people in the Province of Abra are the Tinguians or Itnegs. Abra is often associated to Tinguian but the National Statistics Office's (NSO) survey in 2000 revealed only twenty percent (20%) of them from the total population in the province (NSO, 2005). They used to comprise twenty-five percent (25%) of the total population for the last ten years or so. The rest of the population consider themselves Ilocanos. Hence, there is truth in the article, Nominations 2002, in the Baguio Midland Courier on January 3, 2005 that the endangered species are the indigenous people (Anonymous, 2005). One of the reasons they decrease is due to intermarriages with other cultural affiliations. And sometimes their decrease in number is explained in the community where they live, which includes how other people of cultural affiliations see and treat them. As a minority group, their fear of negative evaluations from other people may be due to stereotypes known about them which eventually result to their becoming shy and nervous, and that lead them to perform less in school than they should. They also behave according to the stereotypes attached to their ethnicity, or they assimilate themselves to the majority so as not to be different from other people's styles and practices. This study answered the following problems: 1. What is the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students? 2. How does the level of social anxiety among the Tinguian college students differ according to: a. gender, b. year level, c. occupation of parents, and d. geographic location of residence? 3. How does personality type relate to the level of social anxiety? The study tested the following hypotheses: 1. The level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students is high. 2. There is a significant difference in the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students when compared according to: a. gender, b. year level, c. occupation of parents, and d. geographic location of residence. 3. There is a significant relationship between the personality type of the Tinguian college students and the level of social anxiety. The findings of the study based on the analysis of the gathered data are presented as follows: 1. Majority of the respondents has a high level of social anxiety whereas no one among the respondents has very high and very low levels of social anxiety. 2. a. There is a significant difference in the level of social anxiety of the respondents when compared according to gender. b. There is no significant difference in the level of social anxiety of the respondents when compared according to year level. c. The level of social anxiety does not significantly differ when compared to the geographic location of residence. d. The level of social anxiety of the respondents does not significantly differ when compared according to the occupation of parents. 3. There is no significant relationship between personality type and the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are derived: 1. The Tinguian college students generally have a high level of social anxiety. 2. a. Gender significantly influences the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. b. Year level does not influence the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. c. The location of residence does not exert influence on the level of social anxiety of the student-respondents. d. The occupation of parents does not exert influence on the level of social anxiety of the respondents. The occupation of mother and the occupation of father do not significantly affect the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. 3. The personality type of the Tinguian college students does not significantly influence the level of social anxiety. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are recommended: 1. Since there is a high level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students, it is recommended that there should be sensitivity training programs and seminar workshops on values, social orientation on proper etiquette, on gaining more self-confidence, and even leadership training or other trainings pertaining to better human and social relationships to be conducted by the Guidance Counselors whose programs and services center on the socio-emotional and personality development of students. 2. a. The Guidance Counselors, in coordination with the organizations that uplift, protect and promote the welfare of women and equality of rights between men and women, should conduct gender sensitivity seminar workshops to the Tinguian college students for them to understand their social roles better and also to obtain from them support for women empowerment in their communities. b. The Tinguian Students Association (TSA) should also conduct an orientation program for new Tinguian college students for them to adjust to their new environment, new school. During Cordillera Day or Tinguian Feast Day, the TSA, in coordination with the Students' Affairs Office, should also come up with a program showcasing the talents of all Tinguian college students that will actually serve as an inspiration for new Tinguian college students to develop and to show their hidden talents as well. c. The Tinguian professionals both from the mountain and valley Tinguian municipalities and who are public and private employees who have graduated from the Divine Word College of Bangued should actively participate and strengthen the Alumni Association. They should attend gatherings and homecoming of the association, which in return inspire the Tinguian youth to follow their steps to becoming responsible citizens. Moreover, the TSA could even conduct meetings with the parents of these students. They could have a family day where the parents and their children be acquainted with each other and form social bond among them. The parents shall be informed of their children's performances in school including how they can develop ways to encourage their children to become better students. The parents must be informed on how to work closely with the faculty for their sons and daughters' development of social, emotional, and even intellectual aspects; to help them boost their cultural identities and heritage as Tinguians without separating them as either mountain or valley Tinguian. d. Public and private organizations which have something to do with the welfare of the indigenous peoples, community organizing and people empowerment should include in their programs the recognition of students affiliated with the Tinguian ethnicity, regardless of the occupation of their parents, by providing them trainings on leadership, value and social orientation, and personality development. 3. The faculty members, the Student Affairs' Office, the Guidance Office Personnel and the Tinguian Students Association's Adviser and its co-advisers must encourage, help and provide moral support during Cordillera and Tinguian Days to Tinguian college students so that they will be exposed in the school and in the province to perform, to dance, sing or play games, or even to participate in the preparation of such programs so that they can share their thoughts, ideas, and talents to other people even if they are shy or have the preference to work only with people who are affiliated with Tinguians. 4. Further studies should be conducted to determine the personality profile of the Tinguian college students along the dimensions of personality like the Big Five Factors of personality. Another study can be conducted to determine the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students when compared according to their academic performance. Another study would be conducted to verify the causes of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students.Item Political climate and student activism in selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City, 1997-1998(1999-03) Taliping, Mary Jane B.The study evaluated the influence of political climate on student leaders' activism among selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the school year 1997-1998. It analyzed the degree of influence and difference of degree of influence of the factors of political climate namely, campus issues or problems, community issues or problems and ideology of student movements. It likewise investigated the extent of achievement of the aims of student activism in promoting socio-political consciousness, promoting better interpersonal relations between teachers and students; reconciling administrative policies and student demands; introducing reforms in the institution; and furthering community involvement. The descriptive-evaluative method was utilized using the descriptive-survey technique. 1. Political climate was very influential on student leaders' activism in selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the academic year 1997-1998. 2. The student leader activists significantly achieved in the promotion of socio-political consciousness, reconciliation of administrative policies and student demands, introduction of reforms in the institution and furtherance of community involvement. 3. There is a significant difference of the factors of political climate only in terms of quantitative value. 1. Ideology is very influential on student leaders' activism among selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the school year 1997-1998. 2. Student leader activists are more focused in the promotion of socio-political consciousness and furtherance of community involvement. 3. Ideology is significantly higher than the other factors of political climate. 1. The administration to pay careful attention to politics and decision-making and interact with student leader activists through serious minded and intellectual dialogues without being too quick in disregarding their emotional stances. 2. The faculty to unceaselessly ideologize students on the rule of law which is in layman's language, is the rule of fair play. 3. The student leaders to: a. promote socio-political consciousness to expose the illnesses of the society in search for remedies. b. promote better interpersonal relations between teachers and students with due consideration of the proper representatives of the educational institution to whom the educator sought employment. c. reconcile administrative policies and student demands by exhausting all reasonable and lawful means with the objective of entering to an agreement with school administrators which will be beneficial.to the institution as a whole. d. introduce reforms in the institution always with the backings or support of the elders within the institution and not with the proddings of other interest groups in the community. e. further community involvement by eyeing at more attentively on the issues or problems within the locality before undertaking regional or national issues or problems. f. systematize the filing of records of the ideologically oriented student movements and student councils for assessment of performances after an academic year. g. broaden the definition of campus repression to include not only suppression of students' basic rights by the school administration but also acts of prevention by student leader activists in the exercise of fundamental rights of non-striking students to education, due process and academic freedom. 4. The students not to be blinded by "false" activists hiding under the cloak of "personal interests". 5. The future researches on: a. Document analysis of ideologically oriented movements. b. Alliances of student movements with other support groups. c. Comparative study on student activism between state-owned and private (sectarian and non-sectarian) tertiary institutions. d. Repetition of the study using both student leaders and followers as respondents with the same variables. e. Qualitative research that would focus on the behavioral aspect of student activists. f. Analysis of the profile of student leader activists based on age, number of years as an activist, number of years as a student, organizational rank and academic affiliations.Item Factors influencing the selection of branch of service by the Philippine Military Academy cadets(2003-09) Ramos, Francisco TandogUnlike other service academies, Philippine Military Academy(PMA) produces regular officers who are distributed in the three major service branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) namely: Philippine Army(PA), Philippine Navy(PN), and Philippine Air Force(PAF). The distribution of officers in the different branches of service is done while they are still cadets and on the basis of cadets' preference .However, due to the quota set forth by higher headquarters for the number of cadets joining in each branch of service, the proportional distribution of cadets in the different branch of service is not realized. Knowing and understanding the various factors and their influence on the selection of branch of service is important in improving the distribution of cadets in the different branches of the AFP. Improved recruitment policies that capitalize on the perceived factors may balance the distribution of cadets on the basis of their preferences. This study aimed to find out the factors that influence the selection of branch of service by the cadets of Philippine Military Academy. The specific problems answered in the study were: 1. What are the factors that influence the selection of branch of service of cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005? 2. What is the extent of influence of the following factors to the members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 with regard to the selection of their branches of service? a. social b. economic c. personality 3. How do the following factors, social, economic, and personality differ as to their influence on the selection of branch of service of the cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005 when grouped according to: a. age b. ethnicity 4. How does the selection of branch of service differ according to: a. age b. ethnicity c. gender The study made use of the descriptive survey method of research. Survey questionnaires coupled with Informal interviews were used as data gathering tools. The study was conducted among the entire members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005. Frequency counts, ranking, weighted mean, t-test, one way analysis of variance and Chi-square test were used in the treatment of data. Spearman's rank correlation and Kendall coefficient concordance were also used to measure the association of ranked factors. The following were the major findings of the study: 1. The main social factors influencing the selection of branch of service of cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005 were inspiration from somebody who is from the same branch of service, prestige, and unique socio-cultural tradition of the service. On economic factors, both classes shared two identical factors. One is a stable and more secure means to support their family and the other is wide range of opportunities when the cadets go out of the service. Class 2004 chose easier access to monitor and support their family as one factor while class 2005 identified attractive fringe benefits as the other factor. As far as personality factors, both classes mentioned managerial/leadership interest and competence, service to society, and thrill on field life and experience as the most influential factors. 2. Social factors had less influence on the selection of branch of service by cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005; economic factors had strong influence on those who are joining in the Navy and the Air Force but had les influence for those going to the Army. Personality factors had strong influence to those joining either in the Army, Navy, or Air Force. 3. The influence of social, economic, and personality factors do not differ significantly when cadets are grouped according to age and ethnicity. 4. The selection of branch of service differ significantly according to gender but not with age and ethnicity. Based on the findings, these conclusions were drawn: 1.The members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 are influenced by almost the same social, economic, and personality factors. 2. Social, economic and personality factors induced the same level of influence on the choice of members of PMA' classes 2004 and 2005 when grouped according to their branch of service. However, the strong influence of economic factors made some members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 preferred Navy and Air Force as their branch of service. 3. Age and ethnicity grouping do not have significant effect on the extent of influence of social, economic and personality factors in the choice of branch of service by cadets. 4. The preference for a branch of service is not influenced by age and ethnicity grouping of the cadets. However, gender influenced the choice significantly. Based on the study the following recommendations are offered: 1. PMA in particular and the AFP in general may capitalize on the identified social, economic, and personality factors in their recruitment of prospective applicants. 2. The Department of Ground Warfare of Tactics Group, PMA should find means to offset the strong influence of economic factors which drive a lot of cadets to prefer Navy and Air Force as their branch of service. The Army officers might as well strengthen their image as role models and drum up the feeling of prestige and emphasized service to society as an implied task of the Army in order to draw more cadets to volunteer in that branch of service. 3. The Higher Headquarters have to push and make representations for the enactment of law that would increase the amount of P240/month combat pay being received by the Army personnel to be more or less at par with the flying pay of the Air Force and sea duty pay of the Navy which is equivalent to 50% and 25% of their base pay, respectively. It may also be appropriate to provide more incentives for Army men in order to win over more quality personnel to volunteer in that branch. 4. The Department of Leadership Development, Tactics Group, PMA has to formulate a written policy if there is still none or modify existing policy on the distribution of cadets in the different branches of service so that unequal distribution of cadets on the basis of their academic standing has to be minimized if it can not entirely be avoided. 5. A replication of this study involving the performance in the field of the officers who joined in their preferred branch of service and those who joined in the service not of their preference may be undertaken. Another study may be conducted to study the feasibility of establishing separate academies for the Army, Navy, or Air Force with the end in view of doing away with the practice or tendency of assigning an officer to a branch of service not actually his own preference or primary choice.Item Clientelism and electoral politics: A case study of the local government of Mangatarem(1994-07) Masaoay, Sonia G.This is a case study of politics in Mangatarem, Pangasinan in specific electoral periods: 1963, 1967q 1971 and 1980 focusinq on the leadership strategies of Jorge C. Mendoza who won in the aforementioned years and was able to hold on to power for twenty two uninterrupted years. As far as evidence in this study is concerned, mayor Mendoza resorted to clientelism in the form of personalistic benefits and patronage practices. The key informant interviewing was employed in this study and the respondents were determined based on McCall's and Simmons' snowball sampling. Mangatarem’s electoral politics and Mendoza's leadership strategies were analyzed in the light of Lande's theory of clientelism. Mangatarem's electoral politics was marked by the reciprocal relationships between the voters and the leader. During elections, voters give preference to a person with whom they have some special connection or from whom they expect to retain employment, public work benefits or other forms of material incentives. Once elected, the leader will have to continue dispensing favors to his supporters in order to be elected in the future elections. Evidences in this study reveal that two factors are responsible for Mendoza' s ability to win in four election periods namely; clientelism and his leadership qualities. Clientelist or pate. Yage practices were not alien to the townspeople since they were resorted to by the mayor's predecessors. Clientelism took various forms like clientelism by “issue bandwagoning”, clientelism by persona patronage and clientelism by charisma. Clientelism by "issue bandwagoning" was a strategy wherein the mayor, in his desire to gain the peoples' mandate sensationalized issues or problems and attacked his opponents' inability to solve the same. On the other hand, he depicted himself as the man who could cure such problems. Jorge Mendoza also employed clientelism by personal patronage, which was characterized by his skillful ability to dispense favors, jobs, aids and beneficial projects such as feeder roads and bridges to his constituents. The voters in turn expressed their debt of gratitude to Mendoza through their unwavering loyalty and support during elections. Alongside these, the mayor was also judged according to his leadership qualities and his ability to maintain smooth interpersonal relationship (SIR) with the people and this could be labeled as clientelism by charisma. In a rural community like Mangatarem, the voters put premium on smooth interpersonal relations as well as the humility and good naturedness of the leader. Finally, SIR in the form of friendly words, good gestures, and the avoidance to hurt the feelings of others governed the relationship between the leader and his constituents. Clientelism, which involves the allocation of patronage resources by the leader to his constituents, still a very important factor in the choice of a leader. A leader seeking another term must maintain his image as a patron who is expected to render assistance in times of the peoples' needs, be it personal family problems or public exigencies. Lest he be forgotten by his constituents, the leader must give priority to infrastructure projects in order to leave a lasting impression upon the people. This strategy was more prevalent in the rural areas like Mangatarem because of the farmers' dependency upon the landlords who also maintained the image of patrons and as such had seeped through the mainstream of local politics. Furthermore, the voters choice of leader also hinged on their socio-economic status. Since the leader was seen primarily as a dispenser of jobs, those who belong to the lower class have the tendency to consider candidates who could uplift their living conditions. This voting behavior showed the Filipinos' personalistic orientations during elections. Leadership selection is a very important political exercise and as such it must be anchored on the capabilities of the candidates to lead the people. Mayor Mendoza was able to hold on to power because of patronage politics and the personalistic benefits he had granted to his constituents. Since these practices have corruptive effects, the following are recommended: an in-depth study on the ill effects of patronage practices in various places of the country both at the local and national levels must be conducted. Efforts must also be exerted toward=, voter' conscientization so that they may know the true essence of elect ions. Conscientization carries with it a political awareness from the people that leaders are dispensers of duties, not favors. Seminars of this kind could be a joint effort of the government and non-government organizations which must be launched at the national and local levels prior to every election. Moreover, academicians, social and political scientists must also take part in conscientizing the voters since they possess the necessary tools, scholarly training and research skills. Lastly, in order to minimize the corruptive effects of patronage practices, Philippine election laws must be strictly implemented and observed by the voters and the candidates respectively.Item Factors in the political participation of college students(1997-02) Martinez, Brenda CruzThis study focused on the participation of college students in the political process. Officers of the supreme student government were chosen as respondents since they were perceived to be more active in politics than the other students, electoral activity and voting behavior were the indices used to measure political participation. The influence of the family or parental influence and mass media exposure were measured to find out how they affected the political participation of a respondent. Questionnaires were given to officers of the Supreme Student Government of the different schools in Baguio City. Before the data were treated, the method of summation was used in order to know the real score of each item in the questionnaire. Percentage difference was then used to know the relationship between political participation as the dependent variable and mass media exposure and parental influence as the independent variables, respectively. Test variables included age, gender, type of community respondent is from, course and year level. There is no significant relationship between political participation and parental influence; the Faine is true with the relationship between politic81 participation and mass media exposure. However, if test variables are introduced in determining their relationship, then there would be a considerable change in their relationship. Using year level as a test variable between political participation and parental influence yielded an insignificant relationship. Gender, age, course and type of community respondent is from provided a significant relationship between the two variables mentioned above. Gender, year level and course as test variables gave a significant relationship between political participation and mass media exposure; age and type of community did not affect the relationship of the dependent and independent variables. Parental influence and mass media exposure can be considered as factors of political participation only If test variables are introduced in determining the relationship between the former variables. Gender, age, course and type of community affect the relationship between political participation and parental influence; gender, year level and course affect the relationship between mass media exposure and political participation. Gender is a test variable which affects the relationship both between parental influence and political participation and mass media exposure and political participation. This is specially true in the case of “females.” It is therefore highly recommended that organizers of NGs, especially women groups, take measures to make women more aware of their role in politics. This can even lead to the realization of a women’s vote in the future. A voters education program may be set up by the government to raise the political awareness of the people. The youth should be trained on their civic, communal and political rights and duties. People’s groups can be organized to present issues which can be done hand in hand with mass media.Item An evaluation of the honor system of the Philippine Military Academy(2006-03) Lumibao, Antonio PabilloThe profession of arms requires a high standard of values that is essential in the performance of their military duties. Foremost in these values is the concept of honor and integrity. In the Philippines, the formation of values starts at the training schools of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). In the forefront is the Philippine Military Academy (PMA), a school for leaders that gives emphasis on character development. Integrity is one of the three core values of PMA (the two others are Courage and Loyalty) as emphasized in its motto and the main system that supports it is the Honor System. Through the years, changes were observed in the implementation of the system. There was an increase in honor cases during the late nineties. Moreover, the mishandling of honor cases resulted to a backlog of cases for two years. As a result, dishonor was identified in 2002 by then Superintendent General Rufo A. de Veyra as one of the three-headed menaces that afflict the Academy. The researcher intended to find out whether the Honor System has outlived its usefulness and if not, find out what measures can be done to further strengthen the system. This qualitative research is an evaluation of the Honor System of the Philippine Military Academy. Specifically, it sought answers to the following: 1. What is the profile of the Honor System of the following Academies? a. Philippine Military Academy b. United States Military Academy (Westpoint) c. United States Naval Academy (Annapolis) d. United States Air Force Academy (Maryland) 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the PMA Honor System along the following areas? a. Goals b. Ownership of the Honor System c. Reporting d. Investigating e. Adjudicating 3. What are the opportunities and threats of the PMA Honor System along the following areas? a. Goals b. Ownership of the Honor System c. Reporting d. Investigating e. Adjudicating 4. What Action Plan can be recommended to improve the Honor System of the Academy? To answer the questions mentioned above, unstructured interviews, document analysis, and the use of SWOT analysis were conducted. 1. Profile of US Academies. The results of the study showed that the problems that the Academy is encountering have been experienced and are still being experienced by the three major academies of the United States of America. The major profile of the Academies are the following: 1.a Compared to the United Staes major Academies, the Philippine Military Academy gives more leeway to the cadets in the administration of the honor code. 1.b The United States Military Academy does not solely choose from the honor committee members in the adjudication of honor cases. 1.c Thu United States Naval Academy is the only Academy that does not have a "non-toleration" clause in its honor code. 1.d The United States Air Force Academy relies heavily in the case method to indoctrinate their honor system to the cadets. 2. SW analysis. In the conduct of the SW analysis, the following were the findings: 2.a An atmosphere of trust that is felt within the community will reinforce to instill honor to the future officers. However, there is a need to address the problem of having different interpretations of the honor system. 2.b Cadets are trained to be honorable through the honor system. They however lack the investigative and adjudication skills. 2.c. Cadets need little supervision during examinations. However, there is still a need to properly indoctrinate them about the honor code. 2.d Cadets under investigation can readily answer charges and the investigation process is sound. The cadets though still need more formal training in investigative work. 2.e The ownership of the code is reinforced because cadets not only do the reporting and investigation but they are also the ones who will render the verdict. Again, they need to be trained in legal matters. 3. OT analysis. In the conduct of the OT analysis, the following were the findings: 3.a Cadets are seen to be more idealistic and the Academy can exploit this to have a positive perception of the honor system. The lack of positive role models affects how cadets view the honor system. 3.b Cadets' ownership of the honor system with little intervention from the Academy Administration sometimes results to legal problems. 3.c Influences from relatives of the cadets who have little knowledge of the honor code might interfere in cadets reporting honor violations. 3.d The negative perception of cadets' capability to administer the honor system can be addressed by proper indoctrination. 3.e Other agencies in the government can help train the cadets in investigating and adjudicating honor cases. 4. Action Plan to Improve the Honor System. The following were the major findings to improve the Honor System: 4.a The sanction of dismissal for all honor violators needs to be examined. A remediation program should be allowed on a case-to-case basis. 4.b The unanimous vote tends to weaken the honor system because of new practices of some cadets. It should be changed to 2/3" vote. 4.c For the cadets to feel true ownership of the honor system, the physical presence of a JAG officer is not necessary during honor deliberations. 4.d The final sanction should rest with the Superintendent. The following are the conclusions of this study: 1. The Honor System is still relevant to the development of character of the cadets in the different Academies. 2. The inadequate indoctrination of the PMA honor system is the number one problem facing it. 3. The administration of the adjudication stage of the honor system is the number one problem facing it. 4. The Action Plan will help improve the administration of the Honor System. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are the recommendations of this study: 1. An immediate implementation of the Action Plan to improve the Honor System be made. 2. The "pulse" of the Cadet Corps with regard to the Honor System should be continuously monitored and evaluated so that appropriate changes can be made to make it more effective and relevant to the development of character of the cadets.Item Towards an indigenous political theory for the Kankanaeys of Kayan(1992-10) Lumsit, Macario T.A philosophical analysis of the Kankanaeys’ cultural practices and institutions shed light to their concept of the good and just life. This concept is manifested in their indigenous labor practices, land use and management, political institutions which include conflict resolution, and those religious practices which are relevant to land use and management, labor relations, and conflict resolutions. The study covered the two barangays of Kayan considering that they have the same cultural practices data had been gathered using key informant interviews and participant observation. The practices and institutions were analyzed and interpreted within the realm of Aristotle’s, Confucious, Rawls’ philosophy and other relevant liberal philosophies. Kayan’s socio-economic-political practices and institutions can be divided according to themes implicit in them. The promotion of familiar harmony is fostered in the devolution of properties, corporate management of lakun, preference of relatives in the sale and mortgage of lands, practices of gamal and saad where male relatives are called for to assist in laying down the foundation of a kin’s house. Cooperation among the villagers is promoted in the observance of practices which are reciprocal in nature: the agag which is an informal organization of women during the planting and harvesting season; the free labor practices which accomplishes community-oriented projects that are short of funds or unfunded; the ambon, which is the community’s means of reciprocating what a concerned person did in time of death in the community, and; oo which is an obligatory contribution of one or two chupas dependent on the age of the dead person. The cooperation among villagers is further enhanced by: the corporate management of payas solidifying farmers who share the same irrigation canal and who assume the consequential responsibilities; the management of communal forests and pastures and the free usufruct of owned lands balancing socio-economic inequalities among the villagers. On the political plane, the batog institution is maintained to serve the following functions: a.) where community meetings are held b.) where rites are performed c.) where the simana of the day are based for immediate dispatch, and; d.) where conflict-resolution at the agom level is conducted. The concept of justice is reflected in their search for truth and the desire to maintain harmony with their fellowmen and nature. Instrumental in the realization of such are the local leaders who are chosen from the pool of the amam-a, who are looked up to for their wealth of information and adherence to the kasigudan which serves as the mean in both decision-making and conflict-resolution. They are also authoritative in the performance of rites to give nature its due or to harmonize the body and soul after an emotional settlement. of disputes. The concept of social justice is reflected in the wilfull performance of their obligation. The focal point of the community’s life patterns is the maintenance of harmony, solidarity and community consciousness. Familial harmony is promoted by practices which dictate kins’ functions towards others. The institution of the batog imposes obligations which are reciprocal in nature to all members. One’s performance of his functions determines how the community responds to him in time of need. To maintain reciprocity, conflict-resoltion is to generally conciliatory, where justice sought is inadequate, the ab-abiik or daw-es is performed for the party concerned the observance of which tempers the concerned not to revenge and leave to the unseen the task of completing the justice due. Whereteh good is aimed for the individual, be it in his work, family life, or the unforeseen future, the appropriate ritual is performed giving nature or the unseen spirits their due share. Although socio-economic inequality is felt in the community, it is balanced by practices which promote socio-economic harmony. The area remains to be an open society. Cash economy had not fully entered to create rigid class distinction that will eventually result to Marxian concept of class conflict. However, the lil effects of cash economy is beginning to be felt in others’ negligence of their obligation. To safeguard the existing beneficial practices institutions, the following are recommended: A study focusing on a critique of the practices and is significant in looking at their relevance to community's concept of the good and just life; the introduction of radical changes can be tempered by an interface study of indigenous practices and institutions and national policies - such help find congruence and conflict of the two. On the practical level, the batog institution including its functions, the tongtong as a means of settling disputes deserve preservation. To those development planner, the practices and institutions are to be tapped in the realization of their project's. Lastly, the schools in the area should take the initiative of teaching the rationale of their practices and institutions so that the young will not lose track of what had been binding the community for long.Item Variations in the attitudes of student government officers towards corruption(2004-05) Lawan, Ferdinand D.The five most espoused instrumental values of the respondents were being: ambitious, responsible, broadminded, intellectual, and honest. Most of the first- half of the 18 values that they ranked were competence values. On the other hand, the five most espoused terminal values were: family security, a world at peace, equality, a comfortable life and freedom. These values are utopian in nature. The instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to economic status significantly vary in two values namely: being intellectual and polite. The value of being intellectual is given more importance by those in the higher economic status than those in the lower economic status; whereas, those in the lower economic status espoused the value of being polite more than those in the higher economic status. Generally however, their instrumental values were similar. On the other hand, there is no significant variation in the terminal values of the respondents when they were grouped according to their economic status; hence, their terminal values are similar. The instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity significantly vary in three instrumental values namely: being intellectual, logical, and loving. The lowlanders attached more importance to the values of being intellectual and logical than highlanders. On the other hand, the highlanders put more important to the value of loving than the lowlanders. Overall however, the instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity are similar. Six (6) significant variations are indicated in the terminal values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity. The highlanders put more importance to the terminal values of an exciting life, a world at peace, and a world of beauty than the lowlanders. On the other hand, the lowlanders put more importance on the values of self-respect, social recognition and wisdom than the highlanders. Generally, the terminal values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity are similar. There is a significant variation in the attitudes towards corruption of the respondents when grouped according to economic status. Those in the lower economic status are more likely to favor corruption than those in the higher economic status. There is no significant variation in the attitudes towards corruption of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity. Majority in both ethnic groups showed a favorable attitude towards corruption. There is a significant moderate correlation in the instrumental_ values between those who showed favorable and unfavorable attitudes toward corruption. Therefore, their instrumental values are more or less similar. Likewise, there is a significant moderate correlation in the terminal values between those who showed favorable and unfavorable attitudes toward corruption. Therefore, their instrumental values are more or less similar. The following conclusions were drawn based on the findings of the study: 1. In their instrumental values, the student government officers put high premium on competence values than on moral values, while on their terminal values; they put more importance on social values than personal values. 2. The economic status and ethnic groupings of the respondents do not influence their instrumental and terminal values. 3. The economic status of the respondents does influence their attitudes towards corruption; whereas, their ethnic grouping does not influence their attitudes towards corruption. 4. The instrumental and terminal values of the respondents do not influence or determine their attitudes towards corruption. In view of the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered. 1. So that the idealism of the student government officers will be put into good use and their combined competence values and social values be actualized into a worthy civic action, they are earnestly encouraged to be trained to monitor graft and corruption in the government in coordination with non-governmental organizations. With this, they will actively participate in the fight against corruption and also their awareness of corruption will be enhanced. 2. With the combined effort of the student government officers, school administrators, and faculty members, cooperative and continuous programs and activities that promote and enhance the values of national pride and patriotism should be undertaken. This will help the students love their country as much as they love their families. 3. Public fora and discussions on "culture sensitivity" be initiated by student government organizations to make both highlanders and lowlanders be aware of their cultural uniqueness and that prejudices will be avoided. 4. To promote better knowledge and awareness about corruption, the faculty members of social sciences should find ways to include in their syllabus the concepts - laws, definitions, consequences, implications and the like- of graft and corruption. Also, with the initiative of student government officers and in coordination with school administrators a "Corruption Awareness Week" should be established as a yearly activity in the school campuses. 5. The student government officers, through their legislative bodies, should create a committee that will check the student leaders' activities and cash disbursement. 6. A replication of this study can be conducted by determining not only the preferred values but also the practiced values of prospective respondents. 7. A replication of the study can be conducted with government employees or public officials of Baguio City or any other political institutions as the respondents by adopting the same methodology used in this study or modifying it to avoid difficulties. Using the Philippine Value Orientation Inventory (PVOI) is of great help in identifying the social, political, moral, economic, interpersonal, and professional values of prospective respondents. The PVOI can be correlated with the perceptions or attitudes towards scenarios or problems related to corruption. In addition, the variables of age, gender, years in service, educational attainment, type of government agency, kind of work, and other variables can be included in the investigation.