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Problems and coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in the City of Baguio
(2007) White, Rosalyn Fianza
All around the world, there are millions of people who are not given the chance to see the beauty of God's creation. They do not get to see the different species of plants and animals, the splendors of the forest and the seas, the wideness of the clear blue skies, and most of all, the very faces of their family members. Yes, these people were given the eyes but were denied the eyesight - the visually impaired. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 145 million people are blind worldwide and an additional 160 million worldwide suffer from low vision. Seventy (70%) percent of this worldwide figures on blindness can be accounted to Cataract, Trachoma and Glaucoma while the remaining 30% could either be because of conchoriasis, lack of vitamin A, muscular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. The visually impaired just like the deaf, mute and others, belong to the so called special people and to be more politically correct of calling them "disabled". Therefore, since they are special, they have different patterns, styles, methods and strategies compared to normal people or individuals without any disability. They have no choice but to compensate their weakness with what they can as part of their survival. Just like the visually impaired, since they cannot see, their vision is compensated with strong sense of touch and hearing. On the other hand, the deaf and mute try to communicate using body language or "signs". These are only some of the coping strategies they use to go with the main stream patterns of behavior. The researcher deemed it important to study the present condition of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses because by way of investigating, their problems and needs may be identified as physically challenged individuals. Also, the sighted community will gain knowledge of how these people manage their own affairs and if any form of assistance that they need may be addressed properly and accordingly. It is also important to learn from the respondents if any existing bills of programs are favorably working for them or if there are other matters or areas that needs to be taken up to add for their welfare as special sector of the society. This study entitled "Problems and Coping Strategies of the Visually Impaired Masseurs and Masseuses in the city of Baguio" attempted to identify and classify the problems encountered by the respondents and how they cope in order to overcome their problems or any stressful situation. This paper specifically aimed to answer the following questions: 1. What are the pressing problems encountered by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in the city of Baguio in the following areas? a. Finance and employment? b. Home, family and living condition? c. Health and physical condition? 2. What are the different coping strategies used by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in order to overcome the above mentioned problems? 3. How do problems and coping strategies relate to gender, civil status and advent of visual impairment? Based on the analysis of data gathered for the study, the following results were established: 1. The pressing problems encountered by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in the area of "finance and employment" are "too much financial problems" and "no fixed steady income" rated as moderately pressing problems. The least pressing problems are under "home, family and living condition". Problems in the area of "health and physical condition" are not pressing problems. 2. The visually impaired masseurs and masseuses use coping strategies. Respondents often employ active-cognitive coping strategies; sometimes use active-behavioral coping strategies; and rarely apply avoidance coping strategies" to cope. 3. Problems and coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses are significantly correlated according to gender, civil status and advent of visual impairment. 3.a According to gender, respondents have a perfect correlation of problems in the area of "finance and employment". Respondents significantly considered these problems under this area in the same order implying that the female and male respondents view the problems in this area in the same level or degree. 3.b According to gender, the respondents have a low correlation of problems in the area of home, family and living condition. Female respondents are more affected with the problems enumerated in this area. 3.c According to gender, respondents have a high correlation of problems in the area of health and physical condition. Both the female and male respondents of the study view the problems enumerated in this area in almost the same level. 3.d According to gender, the respondents have a high correlation in the application of active-cognitive coping strategies. 3.e According to gender, the respondents have a moderate correlation in the application of active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.f According to gender, respondents have a very high correlation in the rare application of avoidance coping strategies. 3.g According to civil status, the respondents have a very high correlation of problems in the area of finance and employment. Regardless of their civil status, they agree to have problems under this area. 3.h According to civil status, the respondents have a moderate correlation of problems in the area of home, family and living condition. 3.i According to civil status, the respondents have a moderate correlation of problems in the area of health and physical condition. 3.j According to civil status, the respondents have a low correlation in the application of active-cognitive coping strategies. 3.k According to civil status, the respondents have a moderate correlation in the application of active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.1. According to civil status, the respondents have a high correlation in the application of avoidance coping strategies. 3. m. According to their advent of visual impairment, the respondents have a high correlation of problems in the area of finance and employment. 3.n According to advent of visual impairment, respondents have a moderate correlation of problems in the area of home, family and living condition. 3.o According to advent of visual impairment, respondents have a moderate correlation of the problems in the area of health and physical condition. 3.p According to advent of visual impairment, the respondents have a moderate correlation in the application of Active-cognitive coping strategies. 3.q According to advent of visual impairment, the respondents showed a high correlation in the application of Active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.r According to advent of visual impairment, the respondents have a high correlation in the application of Avoidance coping strategies. Based on the salient findings of the study, the following conclusions have been drawn by the researcher. 1. The visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have moderately pressing problems in the area of "finance and employment"; "home, family and living condition" as "least pressing problems" and "health and physical condition" as "not pressing problems". 2. The visually impaired masseurs and masseuses often use as active-cognitive coping strategies. Respondents sometimes employ active-behavioral coping strategies and rarely apply the avoidance coping strategies as a way of coping. 3.a Problems encountered by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses on "finance and employment" and "health and physical condition" are highly related to gender, whereas "home, family and living condition" problems have low correlation based on gender. 3.b The active-cognitive coping strategies and avoidance coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have a very high correlation according to gender while moderate correlation in the application of active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.c Problems of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses on "finance and employment" is highly related according to civil status while problems under "home, family and living condition" and health and physical condition" are moderately related. 3.d The active-cognitive coping strategies used by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have a low correlation according to civil status. The active-behavioral coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses are moderately correlated. There is a high correlation in the use of avoidance coping strategies. 3.e. The problems of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses under "finance and employment" are highly correlated according to advent of visual impairment. Problems under "home, family and living condition" and "health and physical condition" have a moderate correlation. 3.f. The active-cognitive coping strategies employed by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have a moderate correlation according to advent of visual impairment. There is a high correlation in the employment of active-behavioral coping strategies and avoidance coping strategies. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are forwarded: 1. The national government in collaboration with the local government of the city of Baguio should in their budget allocation for this special sector of the society for construction of clinics and creation of alternative jobs suited for the visually impaired constituents. 2. The government should attend to existing bills or programs that will be geared towards the alleviation of the benefits being provided to the individuals who are physically challenged like the visually impaired. 3. The Department of Health should create programs to address the specific health needs of the visually impaired in the local as well as national level. 4. Government line agencies as well as non-government agencies must continue to provide enhancement training and seminars that can help the visually impaired in managing their own affairs. 5. The government line agencies and non-government agencies should continuously support the organizations of the visually impaired by making them part of social activities that can boost up their self confidence. 6. More studies about the visually impaired should be encouraged by the different educational institutions or research centers in order to fully understand their condition or state in life.
The social anxiety of Tinguians
(2005-06) Sannadan, Marilou Basco
The respondents of the study were the Tinguian college students duly enrolled in Divine Word College of Bangued, school year 2004-2005. The Fear of Negative Evaluations (FNE) Scale and the Manchester Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) were used as the data gathering instruments. The FNE has 30 items that measure the signs of anxiety and ineffective social behaviors that would incur disapproval from others. The MPQ was used to determine the personality type of the respondents. The researcher adopted the descriptive-correlational method of research to investigate the relationship between the level of social anxiety and the variables gender, year level, geographical location of residence, occupation of parents and personality type. The researcher also used the comparative method to determine if significant difference existed in the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students when compared according to the variables identified. The statistical tools used were the two-tailed test (t-test), the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Chi-square test. The indigenous people in the Province of Abra are the Tinguians or Itnegs. Abra is often associated to Tinguian but the National Statistics Office's (NSO) survey in 2000 revealed only twenty percent (20%) of them from the total population in the province (NSO, 2005). They used to comprise twenty-five percent (25%) of the total population for the last ten years or so. The rest of the population consider themselves Ilocanos. Hence, there is truth in the article, Nominations 2002, in the Baguio Midland Courier on January 3, 2005 that the endangered species are the indigenous people (Anonymous, 2005). One of the reasons they decrease is due to intermarriages with other cultural affiliations. And sometimes their decrease in number is explained in the community where they live, which includes how other people of cultural affiliations see and treat them. As a minority group, their fear of negative evaluations from other people may be due to stereotypes known about them which eventually result to their becoming shy and nervous, and that lead them to perform less in school than they should. They also behave according to the stereotypes attached to their ethnicity, or they assimilate themselves to the majority so as not to be different from other people's styles and practices. This study answered the following problems: 1. What is the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students? 2. How does the level of social anxiety among the Tinguian college students differ according to: a. gender, b. year level, c. occupation of parents, and d. geographic location of residence? 3. How does personality type relate to the level of social anxiety? The study tested the following hypotheses: 1. The level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students is high. 2. There is a significant difference in the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students when compared according to: a. gender, b. year level, c. occupation of parents, and d. geographic location of residence. 3. There is a significant relationship between the personality type of the Tinguian college students and the level of social anxiety. The findings of the study based on the analysis of the gathered data are presented as follows: 1. Majority of the respondents has a high level of social anxiety whereas no one among the respondents has very high and very low levels of social anxiety. 2. a. There is a significant difference in the level of social anxiety of the respondents when compared according to gender. b. There is no significant difference in the level of social anxiety of the respondents when compared according to year level. c. The level of social anxiety does not significantly differ when compared to the geographic location of residence. d. The level of social anxiety of the respondents does not significantly differ when compared according to the occupation of parents. 3. There is no significant relationship between personality type and the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are derived: 1. The Tinguian college students generally have a high level of social anxiety. 2. a. Gender significantly influences the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. b. Year level does not influence the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. c. The location of residence does not exert influence on the level of social anxiety of the student-respondents. d. The occupation of parents does not exert influence on the level of social anxiety of the respondents. The occupation of mother and the occupation of father do not significantly affect the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. 3. The personality type of the Tinguian college students does not significantly influence the level of social anxiety. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are recommended: 1. Since there is a high level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students, it is recommended that there should be sensitivity training programs and seminar workshops on values, social orientation on proper etiquette, on gaining more self-confidence, and even leadership training or other trainings pertaining to better human and social relationships to be conducted by the Guidance Counselors whose programs and services center on the socio-emotional and personality development of students. 2. a. The Guidance Counselors, in coordination with the organizations that uplift, protect and promote the welfare of women and equality of rights between men and women, should conduct gender sensitivity seminar workshops to the Tinguian college students for them to understand their social roles better and also to obtain from them support for women empowerment in their communities. b. The Tinguian Students Association (TSA) should also conduct an orientation program for new Tinguian college students for them to adjust to their new environment, new school. During Cordillera Day or Tinguian Feast Day, the TSA, in coordination with the Students' Affairs Office, should also come up with a program showcasing the talents of all Tinguian college students that will actually serve as an inspiration for new Tinguian college students to develop and to show their hidden talents as well. c. The Tinguian professionals both from the mountain and valley Tinguian municipalities and who are public and private employees who have graduated from the Divine Word College of Bangued should actively participate and strengthen the Alumni Association. They should attend gatherings and homecoming of the association, which in return inspire the Tinguian youth to follow their steps to becoming responsible citizens. Moreover, the TSA could even conduct meetings with the parents of these students. They could have a family day where the parents and their children be acquainted with each other and form social bond among them. The parents shall be informed of their children's performances in school including how they can develop ways to encourage their children to become better students. The parents must be informed on how to work closely with the faculty for their sons and daughters' development of social, emotional, and even intellectual aspects; to help them boost their cultural identities and heritage as Tinguians without separating them as either mountain or valley Tinguian. d. Public and private organizations which have something to do with the welfare of the indigenous peoples, community organizing and people empowerment should include in their programs the recognition of students affiliated with the Tinguian ethnicity, regardless of the occupation of their parents, by providing them trainings on leadership, value and social orientation, and personality development. 3. The faculty members, the Student Affairs' Office, the Guidance Office Personnel and the Tinguian Students Association's Adviser and its co-advisers must encourage, help and provide moral support during Cordillera and Tinguian Days to Tinguian college students so that they will be exposed in the school and in the province to perform, to dance, sing or play games, or even to participate in the preparation of such programs so that they can share their thoughts, ideas, and talents to other people even if they are shy or have the preference to work only with people who are affiliated with Tinguians. 4. Further studies should be conducted to determine the personality profile of the Tinguian college students along the dimensions of personality like the Big Five Factors of personality. Another study can be conducted to determine the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students when compared according to their academic performance. Another study would be conducted to verify the causes of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students.
Factors influencing the selection of branch of service by the Philippine Military Academy cadets
(2003-09) Ramos, Francisco Tandog
Unlike other service academies, Philippine Military Academy(PMA) produces regular officers who are distributed in the three major service branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) namely: Philippine Army(PA), Philippine Navy(PN), and Philippine Air Force(PAF). The distribution of officers in the different branches of service is done while they are still cadets and on the basis of cadets' preference .However, due to the quota set forth by higher headquarters for the number of cadets joining in each branch of service, the proportional distribution of cadets in the different branch of service is not realized. Knowing and understanding the various factors and their influence on the selection of branch of service is important in improving the distribution of cadets in the different branches of the AFP. Improved recruitment policies that capitalize on the perceived factors may balance the distribution of cadets on the basis of their preferences. This study aimed to find out the factors that influence the selection of branch of service by the cadets of Philippine Military Academy. The specific problems answered in the study were: 1. What are the factors that influence the selection of branch of service of cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005? 2. What is the extent of influence of the following factors to the members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 with regard to the selection of their branches of service? a. social b. economic c. personality 3. How do the following factors, social, economic, and personality differ as to their influence on the selection of branch of service of the cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005 when grouped according to: a. age b. ethnicity 4. How does the selection of branch of service differ according to: a. age b. ethnicity c. gender The study made use of the descriptive survey method of research. Survey questionnaires coupled with Informal interviews were used as data gathering tools. The study was conducted among the entire members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005. Frequency counts, ranking, weighted mean, t-test, one way analysis of variance and Chi-square test were used in the treatment of data. Spearman's rank correlation and Kendall coefficient concordance were also used to measure the association of ranked factors. The following were the major findings of the study: 1. The main social factors influencing the selection of branch of service of cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005 were inspiration from somebody who is from the same branch of service, prestige, and unique socio-cultural tradition of the service. On economic factors, both classes shared two identical factors. One is a stable and more secure means to support their family and the other is wide range of opportunities when the cadets go out of the service. Class 2004 chose easier access to monitor and support their family as one factor while class 2005 identified attractive fringe benefits as the other factor. As far as personality factors, both classes mentioned managerial/leadership interest and competence, service to society, and thrill on field life and experience as the most influential factors. 2. Social factors had less influence on the selection of branch of service by cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005; economic factors had strong influence on those who are joining in the Navy and the Air Force but had les influence for those going to the Army. Personality factors had strong influence to those joining either in the Army, Navy, or Air Force. 3. The influence of social, economic, and personality factors do not differ significantly when cadets are grouped according to age and ethnicity. 4. The selection of branch of service differ significantly according to gender but not with age and ethnicity. Based on the findings, these conclusions were drawn: 1.The members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 are influenced by almost the same social, economic, and personality factors. 2. Social, economic and personality factors induced the same level of influence on the choice of members of PMA' classes 2004 and 2005 when grouped according to their branch of service. However, the strong influence of economic factors made some members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 preferred Navy and Air Force as their branch of service. 3. Age and ethnicity grouping do not have significant effect on the extent of influence of social, economic and personality factors in the choice of branch of service by cadets. 4. The preference for a branch of service is not influenced by age and ethnicity grouping of the cadets. However, gender influenced the choice significantly. Based on the study the following recommendations are offered: 1. PMA in particular and the AFP in general may capitalize on the identified social, economic, and personality factors in their recruitment of prospective applicants. 2. The Department of Ground Warfare of Tactics Group, PMA should find means to offset the strong influence of economic factors which drive a lot of cadets to prefer Navy and Air Force as their branch of service. The Army officers might as well strengthen their image as role models and drum up the feeling of prestige and emphasized service to society as an implied task of the Army in order to draw more cadets to volunteer in that branch of service. 3. The Higher Headquarters have to push and make representations for the enactment of law that would increase the amount of P240/month combat pay being received by the Army personnel to be more or less at par with the flying pay of the Air Force and sea duty pay of the Navy which is equivalent to 50% and 25% of their base pay, respectively. It may also be appropriate to provide more incentives for Army men in order to win over more quality personnel to volunteer in that branch. 4. The Department of Leadership Development, Tactics Group, PMA has to formulate a written policy if there is still none or modify existing policy on the distribution of cadets in the different branches of service so that unequal distribution of cadets on the basis of their academic standing has to be minimized if it can not entirely be avoided. 5. A replication of this study involving the performance in the field of the officers who joined in their preferred branch of service and those who joined in the service not of their preference may be undertaken. Another study may be conducted to study the feasibility of establishing separate academies for the Army, Navy, or Air Force with the end in view of doing away with the practice or tendency of assigning an officer to a branch of service not actually his own preference or primary choice.
An evaluation of the honor system of the Philippine Military Academy
(2006-03) Lumibao, Antonio Pabillo
The profession of arms requires a high standard of values that is essential in the performance of their military duties. Foremost in these values is the concept of honor and integrity. In the Philippines, the formation of values starts at the training schools of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). In the forefront is the Philippine Military Academy (PMA), a school for leaders that gives emphasis on character development. Integrity is one of the three core values of PMA (the two others are Courage and Loyalty) as emphasized in its motto and the main system that supports it is the Honor System. Through the years, changes were observed in the implementation of the system. There was an increase in honor cases during the late nineties. Moreover, the mishandling of honor cases resulted to a backlog of cases for two years. As a result, dishonor was identified in 2002 by then Superintendent General Rufo A. de Veyra as one of the three-headed menaces that afflict the Academy. The researcher intended to find out whether the Honor System has outlived its usefulness and if not, find out what measures can be done to further strengthen the system. This qualitative research is an evaluation of the Honor System of the Philippine Military Academy. Specifically, it sought answers to the following: 1. What is the profile of the Honor System of the following Academies? a. Philippine Military Academy b. United States Military Academy (Westpoint) c. United States Naval Academy (Annapolis) d. United States Air Force Academy (Maryland) 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the PMA Honor System along the following areas? a. Goals b. Ownership of the Honor System c. Reporting d. Investigating e. Adjudicating 3. What are the opportunities and threats of the PMA Honor System along the following areas? a. Goals b. Ownership of the Honor System c. Reporting d. Investigating e. Adjudicating 4. What Action Plan can be recommended to improve the Honor System of the Academy? To answer the questions mentioned above, unstructured interviews, document analysis, and the use of SWOT analysis were conducted. 1. Profile of US Academies. The results of the study showed that the problems that the Academy is encountering have been experienced and are still being experienced by the three major academies of the United States of America. The major profile of the Academies are the following: 1.a Compared to the United Staes major Academies, the Philippine Military Academy gives more leeway to the cadets in the administration of the honor code. 1.b The United States Military Academy does not solely choose from the honor committee members in the adjudication of honor cases. 1.c Thu United States Naval Academy is the only Academy that does not have a "non-toleration" clause in its honor code. 1.d The United States Air Force Academy relies heavily in the case method to indoctrinate their honor system to the cadets. 2. SW analysis. In the conduct of the SW analysis, the following were the findings: 2.a An atmosphere of trust that is felt within the community will reinforce to instill honor to the future officers. However, there is a need to address the problem of having different interpretations of the honor system. 2.b Cadets are trained to be honorable through the honor system. They however lack the investigative and adjudication skills. 2.c. Cadets need little supervision during examinations. However, there is still a need to properly indoctrinate them about the honor code. 2.d Cadets under investigation can readily answer charges and the investigation process is sound. The cadets though still need more formal training in investigative work. 2.e The ownership of the code is reinforced because cadets not only do the reporting and investigation but they are also the ones who will render the verdict. Again, they need to be trained in legal matters. 3. OT analysis. In the conduct of the OT analysis, the following were the findings: 3.a Cadets are seen to be more idealistic and the Academy can exploit this to have a positive perception of the honor system. The lack of positive role models affects how cadets view the honor system. 3.b Cadets' ownership of the honor system with little intervention from the Academy Administration sometimes results to legal problems. 3.c Influences from relatives of the cadets who have little knowledge of the honor code might interfere in cadets reporting honor violations. 3.d The negative perception of cadets' capability to administer the honor system can be addressed by proper indoctrination. 3.e Other agencies in the government can help train the cadets in investigating and adjudicating honor cases. 4. Action Plan to Improve the Honor System. The following were the major findings to improve the Honor System: 4.a The sanction of dismissal for all honor violators needs to be examined. A remediation program should be allowed on a case-to-case basis. 4.b The unanimous vote tends to weaken the honor system because of new practices of some cadets. It should be changed to 2/3" vote. 4.c For the cadets to feel true ownership of the honor system, the physical presence of a JAG officer is not necessary during honor deliberations. 4.d The final sanction should rest with the Superintendent. The following are the conclusions of this study: 1. The Honor System is still relevant to the development of character of the cadets in the different Academies. 2. The inadequate indoctrination of the PMA honor system is the number one problem facing it. 3. The administration of the adjudication stage of the honor system is the number one problem facing it. 4. The Action Plan will help improve the administration of the Honor System. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are the recommendations of this study: 1. An immediate implementation of the Action Plan to improve the Honor System be made. 2. The "pulse" of the Cadet Corps with regard to the Honor System should be continuously monitored and evaluated so that appropriate changes can be made to make it more effective and relevant to the development of character of the cadets.
Variations in the attitudes of student government officers towards corruption
(2004-05) Lawan, Ferdinand D.
The five most espoused instrumental values of the respondents were being: ambitious, responsible, broadminded, intellectual, and honest. Most of the first- half of the 18 values that they ranked were competence values. On the other hand, the five most espoused terminal values were: family security, a world at peace, equality, a comfortable life and freedom. These values are utopian in nature. The instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to economic status significantly vary in two values namely: being intellectual and polite. The value of being intellectual is given more importance by those in the higher economic status than those in the lower economic status; whereas, those in the lower economic status espoused the value of being polite more than those in the higher economic status. Generally however, their instrumental values were similar. On the other hand, there is no significant variation in the terminal values of the respondents when they were grouped according to their economic status; hence, their terminal values are similar. The instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity significantly vary in three instrumental values namely: being intellectual, logical, and loving. The lowlanders attached more importance to the values of being intellectual and logical than highlanders. On the other hand, the highlanders put more important to the value of loving than the lowlanders. Overall however, the instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity are similar. Six (6) significant variations are indicated in the terminal values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity. The highlanders put more importance to the terminal values of an exciting life, a world at peace, and a world of beauty than the lowlanders. On the other hand, the lowlanders put more importance on the values of self-respect, social recognition and wisdom than the highlanders. Generally, the terminal values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity are similar. There is a significant variation in the attitudes towards corruption of the respondents when grouped according to economic status. Those in the lower economic status are more likely to favor corruption than those in the higher economic status. There is no significant variation in the attitudes towards corruption of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity. Majority in both ethnic groups showed a favorable attitude towards corruption. There is a significant moderate correlation in the instrumental_ values between those who showed favorable and unfavorable attitudes toward corruption. Therefore, their instrumental values are more or less similar. Likewise, there is a significant moderate correlation in the terminal values between those who showed favorable and unfavorable attitudes toward corruption. Therefore, their instrumental values are more or less similar. The following conclusions were drawn based on the findings of the study: 1. In their instrumental values, the student government officers put high premium on competence values than on moral values, while on their terminal values; they put more importance on social values than personal values. 2. The economic status and ethnic groupings of the respondents do not influence their instrumental and terminal values. 3. The economic status of the respondents does influence their attitudes towards corruption; whereas, their ethnic grouping does not influence their attitudes towards corruption. 4. The instrumental and terminal values of the respondents do not influence or determine their attitudes towards corruption. In view of the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered. 1. So that the idealism of the student government officers will be put into good use and their combined competence values and social values be actualized into a worthy civic action, they are earnestly encouraged to be trained to monitor graft and corruption in the government in coordination with non-governmental organizations. With this, they will actively participate in the fight against corruption and also their awareness of corruption will be enhanced. 2. With the combined effort of the student government officers, school administrators, and faculty members, cooperative and continuous programs and activities that promote and enhance the values of national pride and patriotism should be undertaken. This will help the students love their country as much as they love their families. 3. Public fora and discussions on "culture sensitivity" be initiated by student government organizations to make both highlanders and lowlanders be aware of their cultural uniqueness and that prejudices will be avoided. 4. To promote better knowledge and awareness about corruption, the faculty members of social sciences should find ways to include in their syllabus the concepts - laws, definitions, consequences, implications and the like- of graft and corruption. Also, with the initiative of student government officers and in coordination with school administrators a "Corruption Awareness Week" should be established as a yearly activity in the school campuses. 5. The student government officers, through their legislative bodies, should create a committee that will check the student leaders' activities and cash disbursement. 6. A replication of this study can be conducted by determining not only the preferred values but also the practiced values of prospective respondents. 7. A replication of the study can be conducted with government employees or public officials of Baguio City or any other political institutions as the respondents by adopting the same methodology used in this study or modifying it to avoid difficulties. Using the Philippine Value Orientation Inventory (PVOI) is of great help in identifying the social, political, moral, economic, interpersonal, and professional values of prospective respondents. The PVOI can be correlated with the perceptions or attitudes towards scenarios or problems related to corruption. In addition, the variables of age, gender, years in service, educational attainment, type of government agency, kind of work, and other variables can be included in the investigation.
Dispute processing under the katarungang pambarangay in La Trinidad, Benguet
(2001-05) Dullona, Eloisa Madariaga
Barangay justice reflects the Filipino tradition of amicably settling disputes to preserve peace and harmony in the community. The Katarungang Pambarangay Law is the manifestation of this aspiration. The major purpose of this study was to assess dispute processing under the Katarungang Pambarangay Law in the Municipality of La Trinidad, Province of Benguet. Specifically, answers to the following problems were sought: 1. What is the level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa in: a. Procedures in Amicable Settlement b. Jurisdiction 2. what is the degree of seriousness of the problems encountered in dispute processing? 3. What is the success rate in: a. Decongestion of Court Dockets b. Settlement of Court Referrals. The study made use of the descriptive-survey method of research with survey questionnaires as data gathering tools. The respondents were the 133 lupon members of the 10 Lupong Tagapamayapa of La Trinidad, Benguet. The weighted mean, frequency and percentage rating, and standard deviation were used in the treatment of data. The findings of the study are as follows: 1.a.1.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on commencement of the settlement of a dispute was described as "always comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on the commencement of the settlement of a dispute were described as "always comply" except the provision on the payment of filing fees. The level of compliance of the lupon to the provision on the payment of filing fees was described as "often comply." 1.a.2.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on notifying the disputants was described as "often comply." The provisions on notifying the disputants generally earned a level of compliance described as "always and often comply." However, the provision involving the filing of a motion at the Municipal Trial Court earned a level of compliance described as "seldom comply." 1.a.3. The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on conciliation proceedings was described as "often comply." The provisions on conciliation proceedings generally earned a level of compliance described as "always and often comply." However, the provision initiating a prosecution of perjury against any one of the disputants who repudiates the agreement earned a level of compliance described as "seldom comply." 1.a.4.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on arbitration proceedings was described as "often comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on arbitration proceedings were described as "often comply" except the provision on the signing of arbitration awards. The level of compliance of the lupon to the provision on the signing of arbitration awards was described as "always comply." 1.a.5. The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on the constitution of the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo was "often comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on the constitution of the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo was described as "often comply." 1.b. The study showed that cases involving Estafa, Theft, Altering Land Boundaries, Slight Physical Injuries, Robbery and Unjust Vexation were ranked highly by the lupon members as cases they have encountered and handled during their term. However, the study also showed that the lupon members also settle private crimes, and cases involving grave threats, grave physical injuries, attempted/frustrated homicide and murder, homicide, and, reckless imprudence resulting to grave physical injuries and homicide. 2. The Lupong Tagapamayapa of La Trinidad, Benguet perceived the problems they encountered in dispute processing as "moderately serious". The problems encountered in dispute processing generally earned a degree of seriousness described as "moderately and not serious." However, the problem on the lack of financial incentives for lupon members earned a degree of seriousness described as "serious." 3.a The Lupong Tagapamayapa was 87.98% successful in decongesting the court dockets by settling 732 cases out of the total 832 cases filed before the Barangay Court. 3.b The Lupong Tagapamayapa was 50.57% successful in settling court referrals by settling 44 cases out of the total 87 cases referred to the Barangay Court. Based on the findings, the following conclusions were made: 1.a. The Lupong Tagapamayapa often complied with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement. b. The Lupong Tagapamayapa did not comply with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on case jurisdiction. 2. The problems encountered by the Lupong Tagapamayapa were perceived as "moderately serious" to have affected dispute processing in La Trinidad, Benguet. 3.a. The Lupong Tagapamayapa was successful in decongesting the court dockets. b. The Lupong Tagapamayapa was moderately successful in settling court referrals. The following recommendations are forwarded: 1. For the Department of the Interior and Local Government to propose amendments to the Katarungang Pambarangay Law regarding a clear distinction among conciliation, mediation and arbitration; to review the case jurisdiction of the Lupong Tagapamayapa; and to give additional means of evaluation to check the proper implementation of the law; and other kinds of incentives for the lupon members. 2. For the local government of La Trinidad, Benguet, the Department of Justice and the Department of the Interior and Local Government to conduct orientation-workshops on the actual conduct of an amicable settlement and on case jurisdiction of the Lupong Tagapamayapa. 3. For a study to be conducted to focus on the compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa on Case Jurisdiction in order to validate the findings of this study, to evaluate the success of the lupon in settling these cases, and to propose a listing of cases to be included or excluded in the lupons' case jurisdiction. 4. A replication of the study be undertaken in consideration to various factors, among others, urban and rural differentials and the quality of justice dispensed by the Lupong Tagapamayapa.
The economic status of Muslim migrants in Baguio City
(2001-05) Dayucos, John Rey Rigos
This study is concerned with the economic status of the Muslim migrants in Baguio City. It sought to study the productivity of the economic activities of the Muslim migrants, the dependence of the migrants to the sources of their capital, the adequacy of the sources of their capital and the effectiveness of the strategies the respondents used in addressing the problems they encountered caused by the presence of the increasing number of big business establishments in Baguio City. This present study was limited only to the Muslim migrants who are engaged in their economic activities in the City of Baguio for five to ten years. The respondents of this present study were taken purposively. The data were gathered primarily through questionnaires administered to the respondents supplemented by the writer's personal interaction with the respondents and officers of the Office of Muslim Affairs. The data gathered were tabulated and treated through the use of statistical tools such as frequency counts, weighted mean and percent-title. From the analyses and interpretation of the data concerning the Muslim migrants' economic activities, daily gross income and daily savings, properties acquired, problems encountered and the strategies to remedy such problems, the followings findings were obtained; 1. The economic activities of Muslim migrants are a) Sidewalk vending, b) Banketa business, c) Street peddling, d) Consignment and e) Money lending. b. The economic activities of Muslim migrants were found to be slightly productive in the following aspects a. The mean of previous daily gross income for Group A was P452.44 but at present it is P352.44,and this shows a difference of P100. The mean of previous daily gross income for Group B was P403.85 but at present it is P308.20,and this shows a difference of P95.65. Both groups' daily gross income is in a declining trend. b. The properties or appliances acquired by the Muslim migrants in Baguio City include television sets, VHS or VCD players, telephone sets or cellular phones, karaokes, refrigerators, washing machines, sala sets, bank savings, educational plans, and cooking utensils. The market value of each of these properties or appliances ranges from P6,000 to P25, 000. 3. The dependence of Muslim migrants or their sources of capital were identified with the following degrees: a. The respondents who depend on loans are very dependent on it because they resort to it very often; and b. The respondents who depend on informal loans are dependent because they resort to it often. 4. The degree of adequacy of Muslim migrants' sources are identifies thus: a. For Group A, the sources of their capital are considered moderately adequate. b. For Group B, the sources of their capital are also considered moderately adequate. 5. The degree of the effects of the increasing number of big business establishments in Baguio City on the economic activities of Muslim migrants are moderate. 6. The extent of the effectiveness of the following strategies used by Muslim migrants to address the consequences brought by the increasing number of big business establishments in Baguio city are alternating techniques of selling which are considered less effective, changing the nature of sales which is considered less effective and engagement in other economic activities which is considered not effective. The findings deduced from the analysis and interpretations of data enabled the researcher to arrive at the following conclusions: 1. Sidewalk vending is the most preferred economic activity of the Muslim migrants in Baguio City and remains as the most favorable and profitable for the vendors up to this time. 2. The productiveness of the economic activities of Muslim migrants in Baguio City is minimal and declining. 3. Both formal and informal loans are the primary sources of Muslim migrants' capital. 4. The sources of capital of Muslim migrants in Baguio City are sufficient. 5. The presence of big business establishments in Baguio City did not cause strong effects to the daily income of Muslim migrants in Baguio City. 6. The strategies used by the Muslim migrants are not enough to solve their problems. Based on the foregoing results, the following recommendations are hereby forwarded to Improve the economic status of Muslim migrants in Baguio City: 1. The Muslim migrants in Baguio City should learn more livelihood projects offered by the DSWD in Baguio City such as manufacturing handicrafts for tourists like wall decors, ethnic designs and woodcarvings because these are the products look for by the tourists in the City of Baguio. 2. The Muslim migrants need to improve their way of conducting their economic activities by making it more presentable, more creative by putting fixed but reasonable prices for every item displayed as part of attracting more customers. 3. The Muslim migrants should also aspire to acquire properties such as house and lot for more permanent and decent dwelling and educational plans for their children as part of insuring them a better future. Through education, their children will have the chance to be more economically stable than they are who are engaged in the shadow economy. 4. The Muslim migrants should apply for Social Security System (SSS) as self-employed members in order to avail of the benefits, loans and assistance in the future offered by SSS to all qualified members. They should broaden also the membership coverage of their existing "paluwagan" system for bigger remittances and financial aid for an individual member. 5. Despite the moderate adequacy of the Muslim migrants' sources of capital, they still need to have alternative sources of capital like their SSS membership and "paluwagan" membership in case their primary source of capital fails to provide them financial needs. 6. Though the effects of increasing big business establishments in Baguio City are considered moderate by the Muslim migrants, still they should come up with possible remedies or solutions in order to prepare themselves for the stronger effects these upcoming business establishments will have on their economic activities. For instance, they should start working on the legalization of their operations to insure their right to equal protection of the laws in case rivalry between the informal and formal sectors can not be avoided. 7. The strategies used by the Muslim migrants in addressing the problems they are encountering were found to be less effective and some were not effective at all. For this, the researcher proposes that there should be a program to be undertaken by the barangay concerned or the City government of Baguio in coordination with the Office of Muslim Affairs. There should be quarterly seminars for Muslim migrants regarding the strategies on how to conduct their economic activities more productively within the bounds of the City government's existing policies.
Political knowledge and political attitude as factors of political participation of the police non-commission officers in Baguio City
(2003-04) Caburian, Jemuel Demot
Assessing the political socialization of the police officers is very important in determining whether or not it is designed to enhance their public accountability and professionalism in the service. Part of this evaluation is to analyze certain attributes of political socialization like political knowledge, political attitude and political participation. This study aimed to evaluate how the political knowledge and political attitude of the respondent Police Non-Commissioned Officers (PNCOs) were related with their political participation. These specific problems were answered in this study: 1. What is the extent of respondents' political knowledge in terms of gender and rank 2. What is the extent of respondents' political attitude in terms of gender and rank? 3. What is the degree of relationship between the respondents' political knowledge and political participation when moderated by gender and rank? 4. What is the degree of relationship between the respondents' political attitude and political participation when moderated by gender and rank? The researcher made use of the purposive sampling technique in recruiting the respondents. The primary data gathering instrument that was utilized was the constructed opinionnaire-checklist. This study used the descriptive-correlational method of research. In treating the data, the weighted mean was used to measure the respondents' extent of political knowledge, political attitude, and political participation in terms of gender and rank. The coefficient of correlation (Pearson r) was used to determine the degree of relationship between the respondents' political knowledge and political participation when moderated by gender and rank, and the degree of relationship between their political attitude and political participation when moderated by the same dimensions. These were the salient findings of this study: 1. Male and Female PNCOs have "high" and "moderate" extent of political knowledge respectively. On the other hand, there is a "high" and "moderate" extent of political knowledge among the junior and senior PNCOs respectively. 2. The PNCOs from both gender and rank have an "unfavorable" political attitude. 3. The following were the findings on the correlation between political knowledge and political participation of the PNCOs when moderated by gender and rank: a. Very low positive correlation exists between political knowledge and electoral-related practices among the male PNCOs. A high positive correlation exists between the same variables among the female PNCOs. b. Low positive correlation exists between the political knowledge and community involvement among the male and female PNCOs. c. Low positive correlation exists between political knowledge and electoral-related practices among the junior PNCOs. A very low negative correlation exists between the same variables among the senior PNCOs. d. Low positive correlation exists between political knowledge and community involvement among the junior PNCOs. A very low positive correlation exists between the same variables among the senior PNCOs. 4. Findings regarding the correlation between the political attitude and political participation of the PNCOs when moderated by gender and rank were the following: a. Very low negative correlation exists between political attitude and electoral-related practices among the male PNCOs. A very low positive correlation exists between the same variables among the female PNCOs. b. A very low positive correlation exists between political attitude and community involvement among the male and female PNCOs. c. Very low positive correlation exists between political attitude and electoral-related practices among the junior PNCOs. A low negative correlation exists between the same variables among the senior PNCOs. d. Very low negative correlation exists between political attitude and community involvement among the junior PNCOs. A low positive correlation exists between the same variables among the senior PNCOs. Based on the findings, these conclusions were drawn: 1. The PNCOs are politically knowledgeable regardless of their gender and rank. 2. Politics is viewed or perceived negatively by the PNCOs from both gender and rank. 3. Gender is a moderating variable in the relationship between political knowledge and political participation, while rank is not. 4. Gender and rank are not moderating variables in the relationship between political attitude and political participation. This study presents the following recommendations: 1. As part of the political and legal education of the PNCOs, the Baguio City Police Office should provide regular seminars, forums, conferences, and the like. The foci of these activities are the recent legislations and court decisions and their related issues that have something to do with policing. This is to keep them abreast with the new laws and jurisprudences. Likewise, it may be through these activities that could make them appreciate these new laws and jurisprudences. Moreover, if possible the Baguio City Police Office may encourage its personnel to pursue higher studies like graduate or law courses. 2. In view of the political attitude of the PNCOs, the Baguio City Police Office (BCPO) should adopt measures to enhance their (PNCOs) morale and benefits. In this regard, one thing that the BCPO can do is to have its own reward system. It could set up an award-giving body that is designed to give regular (monthly or quarterly) special awards, which are not usually given by the PNP to police personnel. The BCPO could tap the support of 'the NGOs (clubs, Foundations, etc.) and the Local Government of the city for the realization of this program. 3. The desired ethical behavior and benefits of the police officers must be expressly provided in the Magna Carta for the Police, should the Congress take necessary action for its legislation. Related to this, commanding officers of the PNP, in consultation with their respective subordinates, may prepare a list of these benefits to be included in the said legislation. In the BCPO, a certain committee may be created to gather, organize, and reconcile the listed benefits. It may be the task of the same committee to prepare a formal document for that matter. 4. The police force should remain under the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). This is to maintain its civilian character. However, the local chief executives who exercise operational control and supervision over the police forces assigned in their areas should not interfere in purely police matters. Their function to recommend the appointment of the chiefs of police should not be misused for their political expediency. The police officers assigned in their areas should not be used for their own political purposes. For instance, they should not be used as their campaign managers during elections, personal/party poll-watchers, or personal bodyguards. These prohibitions are necessary to maintain the apolitical status and professionalism of the police. 5. To further enhance the policewomen's active, efficient and effective participation in the realization of the Community Oriented Policing System (COPS) in Baguio City, their number in the Baguio City Police Office should be increased. The BCPO or the PNP should have its information drive as to the need of increasing women's enlistment in the police force. In addition, to encourage women to enter police pre-service courses the National Government or the concerned Local Government may provide scholarship grants for those who are interested and qualified. 6. The community involvement of the PNCOs with the participation, coordination or cooperation of non-government organizations (i.e. civic clubs, organizations, or foundations), barangays, and other government agencies must be encouraged at the Baguio City Police Office. With this, it should be the function of the commanding officers of the BCPO to establish linkages with them. 7. A replication of this study may be made to explore and evaluate the other variables or factors that may affect the police officers' political participation. Another study may be conducted to other police offices. A separate research regarding other dimensions of political socialization or political participation may also be conducted to other organizations, institutions or groups of persons like the military, educators, cadets, and public officials.
Performance of the mandatory barangay appointive officials in Middle Quezon Hill
(2008-01) Baltazar, Ma. Theresa Marayag
On October 10, 1991 former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991. Former President Fidel V. Ramos elucidates that this landmark legislation empowers the barangays by enabling them to enforce laws, maintain public order, ensure delivery of basic services and promote general welfare. The barangay, as seen from the Local Government Code, has its own set of officials that implement authority within the community. Section 387 of the Code presents that a barangay is to be directed by elective officials, namely: a punong barangay, seven (7) sangguniang barangay members, and a sangguniang kabataan chairman, and by mandatory appointive officials, namely: a barangay secretary and a barangay treasurer. These officials, under the captainship of the punong barangay, are expected to provide quality service to the constituents of the barangay. However, reviewed local studies give the implication that the barangay's accomplishments are often attributed to the punong barangay: his competency and proficiency are essential facets in the attainment of both national and local development goals. Frequently, the role played by the mandatory appointive officials is left unnoticed. Their performances are not appraised, and their needs are not noted. It is with this basis that this study has been pursued in order to evaluate the performance of the mandatory appointive officials of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill, the 2006 Most Outstanding Barangay in the City of Baguio. It sought to appraise the level of improved performance of the mandatory appointive barangay officials in Middle Quezon Hill. Specifically, the study sought answers to the following problems: 1. What is the performance level of the barangay secretary along the following areas: a. Custody of barangay records b. Preparation of forms or reports c. Submission of reports d. Auxiliary functions Hypothesis: There is an outstanding level of performance of the barangay secretary along the following areas: a. Custody of barangay records b. Preparation of forms or reports c. Submission of reports d. Auxiliary functions 2. What is the performance level of the barangay treasurer along the following areas; a. Custody of barangay funds and properties b. Preparation of financial reports c. Collection and issuance or receipts d. Disbursement of funds e. Certification of availability of funds f. Submission of reports g. Attendance in rural postal circuit Hypothesis: There is an outstanding level of performance of the barangay treasurer along the following areas: a. Custody of barangay funds and properties b. Preparation of financial reports c. Collection and issuance or receipts d. Disbursement of funds e. Certification of availability of funds f. Submission of reports g. Attendance in rural postal circuit 3. To what extent is the contribution of the mandatory appointive barangay officials to the outstanding performance of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill? Hypothesis: There is an improved level of performance from Satisfactory to Outstanding in the following: a. delivery and submission of quality barangay reports or forms and financial statements to the appropriate offices and to the clients; b. punctual delivery and submission of barangay reports or forms and financial statements to the appropriate offices and to the clients; c. display of improved personality The study employed the descriptive method of investigation. Data of these research problems were obtained using questionnaires, interview, and documentary analysis. The data gathered were tallied, categorized, and subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. The statistical tools used were percentage, weighted mean, t-test, and F test through the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Based on the research problems, the following were the findings: 1. A. As per evaluation of the barangay officials, the following were arrived at: a. The barangay secretary has an outstanding performance in all her tasks regarding custody of records. b. The barangay secretary had an outstanding performance with regard to preparation of forms and reports. c. An average rating of very satisfactory was given to the barangay secretary in terms of submission of reports. d. The barangay secretary has been outstandingly performing her duties considered as auxiliary functions. B. As per evaluation of the barangay residents, the following are the findings: a. The resident respondents claimed that they were very satisfied with how well the barangay secretary personally dealt with them. b. There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the respondents on the personality of the barangay secretary when they are grouped according to gender. This clearly revealed that the male and female residents of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill have the same perception on the personality of the barangay secretary. c. There are significant differences among the mean ratings of the respondents when they are grouped according to age. The older the respondents the higher are the ratings they gave. d. The secretary of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill has a very satisfactory performance of her duties. e. There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the respondents on the performance of duties of the barangay secretary when they were grouped according to gender. f. There are significant differences among the mean ratings of the respondents when they were grouped according to age. 2. A. The barangay officials' evaluations are as follows: a. The barangay treasurer has been outstandingly performing her duties regarding custody of barangay funds and properties. b. The barangay treasurer has been performing her duties regarding preparation of financial reports very satisfactorily, on the average. c. The barangay treasurer is believed to be performing outstandingly her duties regarding collection and issuance of receipts as evaluated by the barangay officials. d. The barangay treasurer has been performing her duties regarding submission of reports outstandingly. e. The barangay treasurer has been doing other related functions very satisfactorily. B. The barangay residents' evaluations are as follows: a. The barangay treasurer has a very satisfactory display of good personality. b. There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the respondents when they were grouped according to gender. c. There are significant differences in the mean ratings of the respondents when they were grouped according to age. d. The barangay treasurer does a very satisfactory performance of her duties as evaluated by the resident respondents. e. Regardless of gender, the residents of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill be that the barangay treasurer has been performing her duties very satisfactorily. f. There are significant differences in the mean ratings of the respondents when they were grouped according to age. 3. As to the level of improvement within the last five years, the following are the findings: a. There is a very satisfactory level of improvement of the performance of the functions of the barangay secretary according to the barangay officials. Considering the four different functions, there is an outstanding improvement of the performance in two of them; such functions are custody of records and auxiliary functions. There is a very satisfactory improvement in the other two functions namely submission of reports and preparation of forms and reports. b. The barangay treasurer had a very satisfactory improvement regarding her performance of her functions. Considering her specific functions, she was believed by the barangay officials to have improved outstandingly in the preparation of financial reports and in the collection and issuance of receipts. She has a very satisfactory improvement regarding the following functions: attendance in rural postal circuit, certification of availability of funds, custody of barangay funds and properties, submission of written reports, and disbursement of funds. c. Considering the personality and performance of duties of the barangay secretary and barangay treasurer, the mean ratings suggest a very satisfactory improvement on the personality and performance of duties of both the barangay secretary and barangay treasurer as evaluated by the residents. In the light of the findings of the study, the following are the conclusions: 1. With the exception of submission of reports where she is rated very satisfactory, the barangay secretary outstandingly performs all her duties stated in the Local Government Code as perceived by the barangay officials of Middle Quezon Hill. On the other hand, the barangay residents perceived that there is still room for improvement since they rated the barangay secretary's performance as very satisfactory. 2. The barangay of perceived that the barangay treasurer needs to further her knowledge and skills on the preparation of financial reports, disbursement of funds, certification of availability of fund:;, and attendance in rural postal circuit since she is rated very satisfactory in these areas. On the other hand, they perceived that she excels in the collection and issuance of receipts and submission of reports since she is performing outstandingly in these areas. The barangay residents perceived that the barangay treasurer can still further her knowledge and skills in the discharge of her functions and in dealing with the clients since she is evaluated very satisfactory in these areas. 3. The barangay residents perceived that within the last five years, both the barangay secretary and the barangay treasurer improved very satisfactorily in the performance of their official and auxiliary functions. This improvement contributed significantly to the outstanding performance of the barangay. The mandatory appointive officials aided the punong barangay and the barangay council in the preparation of reports and documents that were used as bases of evaluation when the barangay participated for the search for the best performing barangays in 2006. In relation with the findings and conclusions of this research, the following are the recommendations: 1. The barangay secretary and the barangay treasurer of Middle Quezon Hill must further their knowledge in terms of documentation and records filing or storing. 2. Barangay captains must always accord support and encouragement to their mandatory appointed officials. 3. The Barangay Affairs Office and the Association of Barangay Secretaries and Association of Barangay Treasurers must push through with their plan of looking for agencies or non government organizations that will sponsor the search for the best performing barangay secretary and barangay treasurer. 4. The Association of Barangay Secretaries and the Association of Barangay Treasurers must double their efforts in sponsoring seminars or trainings for the mandatory appointive barangay officials for the improvement of their knowledge and skills. 5. A study on the factors that motivate barangay secretaries and barangay treasurers to work maybe conducted. 6. A study on the performance of barangay secretaries and barangay treasurers of Baguio City may also be conducted.
Active learning in the physical education classes of tertiary schools in Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet
(2001-03) Panayon, Vilma L.
Physical education activities were not only programmed for those who are inclined to sports but also the young and old, male and female. Executive order No. 44 section 19(1), Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution states that "the state shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league competitions and amateur sports including training for international competition, to foster self-discipline, teamwork and excellence for the development of a healthy citizenry. To improve the teaching and learning process, of physical education classes, a particular goal, plan ground rules and time management should be followed so that one does not find himself unable to maximize time, hence, able to accomplish activities set for the day. Since active learning in physical education lies on the capability of the teacher, a factor that affects active learning, there is a need to motivate learners to actively perform. A synthesis on what they learn shall serve to motivate the enhancement of their psychomotor skills, thus maintaining a more relaxed body. It is also one way to help them become more skillful than mere speculators, help them finish the subject and have a sense of fulfillment. Active learning in this study does not connote hundred percent mastery of activities. In the field of physical education, it is not the number of skills executed that matters most particularly how skills are properly executed. Teachers need to value achievement, expect students to learn and try as hard as he or she can arrange things needed in the physical education classes. These learning motivators are translated into high proportion of appropriate learning time for all the students. Finally, active learning in this study does not only mean eagerness and liveliness of students in performing an activity, but their cooperation in the classroom activities. It maybe noted that it is not only how they respond lively to a particular lesson but their contribution and participation in the realization of learning are those that count most. The main aim of this study was to find out the extent of active learning in the physical education classes in Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet. It answered the following research problems: 1. What is the extent of active learning in the physical education classes (P.E. 1,2,3,4) of the tertiary schools in Baguio City and La Trinidad Benguet? 2. To what extent do identified factors contribute to the extent of active learning in the physical education classes? 3. What are the problems and degree of seriousness of these problems encountered by the students and faculty members in physical education classes? The descriptive-evaluative research method was used to measure the extent of active learning in the physical education classes. Extent of active learning in the physical education classes were computed using frequency and percentages and average weighted mean. The data gathering was in the form of observation. Likewise, interviews were conducted to determine student participation and validate those items in the observation This thesis presents the extent of active learning in the physical education classes, factors that contribute to the extent of active learning and the problems and degrees of seriousness encountered by students and faculty members in physical education classes. The following were the major findings: 1. Active learning in the physical education classes was rated often. 2. The identified factors always contribute to the extent of active learning in the physical education classes. These factors include the teacher, motivators, teaching approaches, and student participation. 3. Finally, the problems and degree of seriousness of these problems encountered by the students and faculty members were rated not serious. It is concluded that : 1. There is active learning in the physical education Classes in the tertiary schools of Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet. 2. There are identified factors that contribute to the extent of active learning. 3. Problems encountered by the students and faculty members in the learning and teaching process are not serious. The researcher recommends the following : 1. Active learning or student participation in the physical education classes should be given more emphasis because it is through this that students can explore knowledge by understanding how these concepts can be put into reality. 2. These identified factors should not be ignored by those in the teaching field, as well as students for these help in the development of being an effective learner and facilitator. 3. Teachers should be more enthusiastic in the teaching process to arouse student participation. 4. Teachers should relate the activities on academic orientation. 5. School administrators should provide sufficient equipment and facilities inasmuch as these have effects on student participation. 6. Educators should look into the educational contributions of the activities for the students to realize their significance and intensify them by encouragement as well as provide them enough information that they need to know. 7. Educators should set goals and plan ahead of time in order to maximize time and look into possibilities that classroom activities get done in less time. 8. Faculty members should encourage cooperative learning among students. 9. A teacher in physical education classes should be a major or a minor in this field. 10. A replication of the study to be made to include other fields of specialization.

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