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Item Political climate and student activism in selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City, 1997-1998(1999-03) Taliping, Mary Jane B.The study evaluated the influence of political climate on student leaders' activism among selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the school year 1997-1998. It analyzed the degree of influence and difference of degree of influence of the factors of political climate namely, campus issues or problems, community issues or problems and ideology of student movements. It likewise investigated the extent of achievement of the aims of student activism in promoting socio-political consciousness, promoting better interpersonal relations between teachers and students; reconciling administrative policies and student demands; introducing reforms in the institution; and furthering community involvement. The descriptive-evaluative method was utilized using the descriptive-survey technique. 1. Political climate was very influential on student leaders' activism in selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the academic year 1997-1998. 2. The student leader activists significantly achieved in the promotion of socio-political consciousness, reconciliation of administrative policies and student demands, introduction of reforms in the institution and furtherance of community involvement. 3. There is a significant difference of the factors of political climate only in terms of quantitative value. 1. Ideology is very influential on student leaders' activism among selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the school year 1997-1998. 2. Student leader activists are more focused in the promotion of socio-political consciousness and furtherance of community involvement. 3. Ideology is significantly higher than the other factors of political climate. 1. The administration to pay careful attention to politics and decision-making and interact with student leader activists through serious minded and intellectual dialogues without being too quick in disregarding their emotional stances. 2. The faculty to unceaselessly ideologize students on the rule of law which is in layman's language, is the rule of fair play. 3. The student leaders to: a. promote socio-political consciousness to expose the illnesses of the society in search for remedies. b. promote better interpersonal relations between teachers and students with due consideration of the proper representatives of the educational institution to whom the educator sought employment. c. reconcile administrative policies and student demands by exhausting all reasonable and lawful means with the objective of entering to an agreement with school administrators which will be beneficial.to the institution as a whole. d. introduce reforms in the institution always with the backings or support of the elders within the institution and not with the proddings of other interest groups in the community. e. further community involvement by eyeing at more attentively on the issues or problems within the locality before undertaking regional or national issues or problems. f. systematize the filing of records of the ideologically oriented student movements and student councils for assessment of performances after an academic year. g. broaden the definition of campus repression to include not only suppression of students' basic rights by the school administration but also acts of prevention by student leader activists in the exercise of fundamental rights of non-striking students to education, due process and academic freedom. 4. The students not to be blinded by "false" activists hiding under the cloak of "personal interests". 5. The future researches on: a. Document analysis of ideologically oriented movements. b. Alliances of student movements with other support groups. c. Comparative study on student activism between state-owned and private (sectarian and non-sectarian) tertiary institutions. d. Repetition of the study using both student leaders and followers as respondents with the same variables. e. Qualitative research that would focus on the behavioral aspect of student activists. f. Analysis of the profile of student leader activists based on age, number of years as an activist, number of years as a student, organizational rank and academic affiliations.Item Clientelism and electoral politics: A case study of the local government of Mangatarem(1994-07) Masaoay, Sonia G.This is a case study of politics in Mangatarem, Pangasinan in specific electoral periods: 1963, 1967q 1971 and 1980 focusinq on the leadership strategies of Jorge C. Mendoza who won in the aforementioned years and was able to hold on to power for twenty two uninterrupted years. As far as evidence in this study is concerned, mayor Mendoza resorted to clientelism in the form of personalistic benefits and patronage practices. The key informant interviewing was employed in this study and the respondents were determined based on McCall's and Simmons' snowball sampling. Mangatarem’s electoral politics and Mendoza's leadership strategies were analyzed in the light of Lande's theory of clientelism. Mangatarem's electoral politics was marked by the reciprocal relationships between the voters and the leader. During elections, voters give preference to a person with whom they have some special connection or from whom they expect to retain employment, public work benefits or other forms of material incentives. Once elected, the leader will have to continue dispensing favors to his supporters in order to be elected in the future elections. Evidences in this study reveal that two factors are responsible for Mendoza' s ability to win in four election periods namely; clientelism and his leadership qualities. Clientelist or pate. Yage practices were not alien to the townspeople since they were resorted to by the mayor's predecessors. Clientelism took various forms like clientelism by “issue bandwagoning”, clientelism by persona patronage and clientelism by charisma. Clientelism by "issue bandwagoning" was a strategy wherein the mayor, in his desire to gain the peoples' mandate sensationalized issues or problems and attacked his opponents' inability to solve the same. On the other hand, he depicted himself as the man who could cure such problems. Jorge Mendoza also employed clientelism by personal patronage, which was characterized by his skillful ability to dispense favors, jobs, aids and beneficial projects such as feeder roads and bridges to his constituents. The voters in turn expressed their debt of gratitude to Mendoza through their unwavering loyalty and support during elections. Alongside these, the mayor was also judged according to his leadership qualities and his ability to maintain smooth interpersonal relationship (SIR) with the people and this could be labeled as clientelism by charisma. In a rural community like Mangatarem, the voters put premium on smooth interpersonal relations as well as the humility and good naturedness of the leader. Finally, SIR in the form of friendly words, good gestures, and the avoidance to hurt the feelings of others governed the relationship between the leader and his constituents. Clientelism, which involves the allocation of patronage resources by the leader to his constituents, still a very important factor in the choice of a leader. A leader seeking another term must maintain his image as a patron who is expected to render assistance in times of the peoples' needs, be it personal family problems or public exigencies. Lest he be forgotten by his constituents, the leader must give priority to infrastructure projects in order to leave a lasting impression upon the people. This strategy was more prevalent in the rural areas like Mangatarem because of the farmers' dependency upon the landlords who also maintained the image of patrons and as such had seeped through the mainstream of local politics. Furthermore, the voters choice of leader also hinged on their socio-economic status. Since the leader was seen primarily as a dispenser of jobs, those who belong to the lower class have the tendency to consider candidates who could uplift their living conditions. This voting behavior showed the Filipinos' personalistic orientations during elections. Leadership selection is a very important political exercise and as such it must be anchored on the capabilities of the candidates to lead the people. Mayor Mendoza was able to hold on to power because of patronage politics and the personalistic benefits he had granted to his constituents. Since these practices have corruptive effects, the following are recommended: an in-depth study on the ill effects of patronage practices in various places of the country both at the local and national levels must be conducted. Efforts must also be exerted toward=, voter' conscientization so that they may know the true essence of elect ions. Conscientization carries with it a political awareness from the people that leaders are dispensers of duties, not favors. Seminars of this kind could be a joint effort of the government and non-government organizations which must be launched at the national and local levels prior to every election. Moreover, academicians, social and political scientists must also take part in conscientizing the voters since they possess the necessary tools, scholarly training and research skills. Lastly, in order to minimize the corruptive effects of patronage practices, Philippine election laws must be strictly implemented and observed by the voters and the candidates respectively.Item Factors in the political participation of college students(1997-02) Martinez, Brenda CruzThis study focused on the participation of college students in the political process. Officers of the supreme student government were chosen as respondents since they were perceived to be more active in politics than the other students, electoral activity and voting behavior were the indices used to measure political participation. The influence of the family or parental influence and mass media exposure were measured to find out how they affected the political participation of a respondent. Questionnaires were given to officers of the Supreme Student Government of the different schools in Baguio City. Before the data were treated, the method of summation was used in order to know the real score of each item in the questionnaire. Percentage difference was then used to know the relationship between political participation as the dependent variable and mass media exposure and parental influence as the independent variables, respectively. Test variables included age, gender, type of community respondent is from, course and year level. There is no significant relationship between political participation and parental influence; the Faine is true with the relationship between politic81 participation and mass media exposure. However, if test variables are introduced in determining their relationship, then there would be a considerable change in their relationship. Using year level as a test variable between political participation and parental influence yielded an insignificant relationship. Gender, age, course and type of community respondent is from provided a significant relationship between the two variables mentioned above. Gender, year level and course as test variables gave a significant relationship between political participation and mass media exposure; age and type of community did not affect the relationship of the dependent and independent variables. Parental influence and mass media exposure can be considered as factors of political participation only If test variables are introduced in determining the relationship between the former variables. Gender, age, course and type of community affect the relationship between political participation and parental influence; gender, year level and course affect the relationship between mass media exposure and political participation. Gender is a test variable which affects the relationship both between parental influence and political participation and mass media exposure and political participation. This is specially true in the case of “females.” It is therefore highly recommended that organizers of NGs, especially women groups, take measures to make women more aware of their role in politics. This can even lead to the realization of a women’s vote in the future. A voters education program may be set up by the government to raise the political awareness of the people. The youth should be trained on their civic, communal and political rights and duties. People’s groups can be organized to present issues which can be done hand in hand with mass media.Item Towards an indigenous political theory for the Kankanaeys of Kayan(1992-10) Lumsit, Macario T.A philosophical analysis of the Kankanaeys’ cultural practices and institutions shed light to their concept of the good and just life. This concept is manifested in their indigenous labor practices, land use and management, political institutions which include conflict resolution, and those religious practices which are relevant to land use and management, labor relations, and conflict resolutions. The study covered the two barangays of Kayan considering that they have the same cultural practices data had been gathered using key informant interviews and participant observation. The practices and institutions were analyzed and interpreted within the realm of Aristotle’s, Confucious, Rawls’ philosophy and other relevant liberal philosophies. Kayan’s socio-economic-political practices and institutions can be divided according to themes implicit in them. The promotion of familiar harmony is fostered in the devolution of properties, corporate management of lakun, preference of relatives in the sale and mortgage of lands, practices of gamal and saad where male relatives are called for to assist in laying down the foundation of a kin’s house. Cooperation among the villagers is promoted in the observance of practices which are reciprocal in nature: the agag which is an informal organization of women during the planting and harvesting season; the free labor practices which accomplishes community-oriented projects that are short of funds or unfunded; the ambon, which is the community’s means of reciprocating what a concerned person did in time of death in the community, and; oo which is an obligatory contribution of one or two chupas dependent on the age of the dead person. The cooperation among villagers is further enhanced by: the corporate management of payas solidifying farmers who share the same irrigation canal and who assume the consequential responsibilities; the management of communal forests and pastures and the free usufruct of owned lands balancing socio-economic inequalities among the villagers. On the political plane, the batog institution is maintained to serve the following functions: a.) where community meetings are held b.) where rites are performed c.) where the simana of the day are based for immediate dispatch, and; d.) where conflict-resolution at the agom level is conducted. The concept of justice is reflected in their search for truth and the desire to maintain harmony with their fellowmen and nature. Instrumental in the realization of such are the local leaders who are chosen from the pool of the amam-a, who are looked up to for their wealth of information and adherence to the kasigudan which serves as the mean in both decision-making and conflict-resolution. They are also authoritative in the performance of rites to give nature its due or to harmonize the body and soul after an emotional settlement. of disputes. The concept of social justice is reflected in the wilfull performance of their obligation. The focal point of the community’s life patterns is the maintenance of harmony, solidarity and community consciousness. Familial harmony is promoted by practices which dictate kins’ functions towards others. The institution of the batog imposes obligations which are reciprocal in nature to all members. One’s performance of his functions determines how the community responds to him in time of need. To maintain reciprocity, conflict-resoltion is to generally conciliatory, where justice sought is inadequate, the ab-abiik or daw-es is performed for the party concerned the observance of which tempers the concerned not to revenge and leave to the unseen the task of completing the justice due. Whereteh good is aimed for the individual, be it in his work, family life, or the unforeseen future, the appropriate ritual is performed giving nature or the unseen spirits their due share. Although socio-economic inequality is felt in the community, it is balanced by practices which promote socio-economic harmony. The area remains to be an open society. Cash economy had not fully entered to create rigid class distinction that will eventually result to Marxian concept of class conflict. However, the lil effects of cash economy is beginning to be felt in others’ negligence of their obligation. To safeguard the existing beneficial practices institutions, the following are recommended: A study focusing on a critique of the practices and is significant in looking at their relevance to community's concept of the good and just life; the introduction of radical changes can be tempered by an interface study of indigenous practices and institutions and national policies - such help find congruence and conflict of the two. On the practical level, the batog institution including its functions, the tongtong as a means of settling disputes deserve preservation. To those development planner, the practices and institutions are to be tapped in the realization of their project's. Lastly, the schools in the area should take the initiative of teaching the rationale of their practices and institutions so that the young will not lose track of what had been binding the community for long.Item The political socialization of senior political science in three selected schools of Baguio City(1998-08) De Leon, Henry PalaganasThis is a comparative survey study on the political socialization of senior Political Science students from Baguio Colleges Foundation, Saint Louis University and University of the Philippines College in Baguio. The political socialization embraced the students' reading and viewing interests as well as their preferences and participation in school organizations and community endeavors. In this descriptive-survey study, the questionnaire checklist was utilized to obtain the vital responses of the students. The data gathered were analyzed and interpreted using statistical aids like the Friedman two- way analysis of variance by ranks, the average weighted value based on the Likert's scale, the three-group analysis of variance (F--test) and t-test. From the data presented and analyzed, the following are the findings: 1. As to articles wherein a majority of the students in a school alternatively have interest vis-a-vis apolitical subject matters, there are those which pertain to the Philippine Stock Exchange, price increase housing problems, prostitution, Euthanasia Law, child prostitution and Daily Gospel. 2. There are five cases in this research wherein a majority of students of the three schools (BCF, SLU and UPCB) concur in reading interest 3. There were no significant differences in the reading and viewing interests of the students from the three schools. 4. There were no significant differences in the preferences and participation of students in school organizations. 5. BCF and SLU students have more or less the same interest in five enumerated activities based on the ranking order. SLU and UPCB students were common in the interest of viewing films portraying political realities again based on the rank order. Surprisingly, there is no common activity showing the interest of the BCF and UPCB students. In the light of the findings of this study, the following conclusions are made: 1. There are variations when it comes to internal activities referring to participating in electoral exercises, attending seminars, fora and dialogues, assemblies of students, rallies and interaction with student leaders. 2. Concerning listening and viewing television programs and films, the students have similar interest. 3. Anent the reading interest of the students, the study revealed that the respondents have similar propensities. 4. There are no variations with regard activities which require attendance in Sangguniang Kabataan programs and attendance in barangay and City Hall sessions. 5. Activities indulged in by respondents are similar. 6. There are common internal activities of students of BCF, SLU and UPCB when compared with each other. 7. Taking both the students of UPCB and BCF and analyzing their interest in internal activities, the research showed that there was no significant difference. Hence, hypothesis number 7 is consequently rejected. 8. Comparing the students of UPCB and SLU students with regard internal activities, the research revealed that their activities vary. Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered: 1. Since it is observed that many political science students are influenced largely and indirectly by their reading of newspapers, magazines and other literature, it would be better if they will actively be exposed and involved meaningfully with people in their schools like in the Pamunuan, Kalipunan and student assemblies. The political knowledge of the students must be enriched and reinforced with community-based experience like those related with the Sangguniang Kabataan, activities associated with their municipality, barangay or puroks. 2. It is imperative that the political science students must be active members of the Sangguniang Kabataang (SK). They must allocate some time in attending seminars, meetings and participating in community projects. In doing so, they will develop their self-esteem and their participation in civic life can make a difference. 1. The schools, through the teachers, should exert effort to develop in the students an analytical and inquiring mode of television viewing which will develop in them a feeling of stewardship for the future and intelligent management of public affairs. In advance, the instructor should purposely watch the television within a period of two weeks and take note of the topics for discussion that are related currently in the class. And thereafter, the instructor would relay the said announcements to the class in anticipation of this program and require them to watch and react on the views and statements of the different speakers. 4. The curriculum of the Bachelor of Arts course major in Political Science should incorporate more civic education, which includes a supervised practicum, or fieldwork wherein the students will be able to develop their skills of participation in civic life, and improve their civic competence. In school directed community experiences, students should be associated heterogeneously. This requirement should be met by supervised community action-oriented volunteer service projects in municipal departments, courts, or any other socially and politically valuable area. Community service experience should be related to work in the classroom and monitored by teaching personnel. 5. The SLU Political Science students should be given more opportunities to plan and organize educational fora and dialogues to be aware of major social and political trends. 6. To be more effective in guiding student learning, the Political Science teachers must have actual experience in community projects to be able to impart knowledge of political realities and also skills (public human relations, negotiation, bargaining, and communication) in a democratic society. 7. For future studies, the researcher is suggesting that further studies be explored relating to political socialization specifically a province in the Cordilleras.Item An evaluation on the exercise of political rights among electorate in Balaoan, La Union(1999-05) Casiano, Marife MendozaThe citizens become power holders through the exercise Of their political rights such as right of suffrage in terms of election and initiative, right to form and join associations and right to information on matters of public concern. Through these, they are able to hold government officials accountable and they are able to express their needs and sentiments to the government. The citizens’ exercise of these rights, however, may vary depending on their socio-economic status and religious affiliation. They may also be prevented by some causes thereby hindering them from effectively exercising their rights. The study presented a description, comparison, analysis and evaluation on the exercise of political rights among electorate in Balaoan, La Union. It answered the following specific problems: 1. To what extent do the electorate exercise their political rights along the following dimensions: a. Right of suffrage in terms of election, b. Right of suffrage in terms of initiative, c. Right to form and join associations, d. Right to information on matters of public concern? 2. How do the exercises of political rights compare when the respondents are grouped according to: a. Socio-economic status, a.1) Income a.2) Educational attainment a.3) Occupation b. Religious affiliation? 3. To what extent do specified causes prevent the exercise of political rights? To answer the problems, the study used descriptive .method particularly descriptive-evaluative design. It utilized 390 sample population from among the electorate in Balaoan, La Union. This was determined through random sampling specifically lottery sampling technique without replacement method. Data were obtained mainly through the questionnaire. The data obtained were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted with statistical tools such as weighted means, t-test, F-test/ One-Way Analysis of Variance and Scheffe method. The findings of the study were the following. 1. The right of suffrage in terms of election is sometimes exercised by the electorate. Voting an educationally qualified candidate is exercised the most while conducting election boycott is the least exercised activity. The right of suffrage in terms of initiative is sometimes exercised by the electorate. The most exercised activity is identifying locally felt needs and problems while proposing amendments to the Constitution is the least exercised. The right to form and join associations is sometimes exercised by the electorate. Joining public organizations is exercised the most while organizing associations is the least exercised activity. The right to information on matters of public concern is sometimes exercised by the electorate. The most exercised activity is questioning rationale of government projects while securing document of any kind from government employees is the least exercised. 2. Income groups do not differ significantly in the exercise of political rights. The statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the respondents grouped according to educational attainment in the exercise of political rights. There is no significant difference in the exercise of political rights among electorate grouped according to occupation. The respondents grouped according to religious affiliation differed significantly in the exercise of right to form and join associations. The Mormon group differed significantly from the other religious groups. However, the statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the respondents in the exercise of the other political rights. 3. The exercise of right of suffrage in terms of election is moderately prevented by the specified causes. The non-significance of election ranked number 1 and the people's lack of interest ranked number 10. The exercise of right of suffrage in terms of initiative is moderately prevented by the specified causes. Ideas are not given importance ranked number 1 while fear of incurring enemies ranked number 10. The specified causes moderately prevent the exercise of right to form and join associations. High fees are collected and members are not encouraged to participate in government activities ranked number 10. The specified causes moderately prevent the exercise of right to information on matters of public concern. Belief that no justice is served on irregularities ranked number 1 while lack of time ranked number 10. Based on the major findings, the study arrived at the following conclusions: A. The electorate in Balaoan, La Union less effectively exercise their political rights. They have the tendency to exhibit subject political culture. B. There is no power struggle between the haves and have nots. They do not consider money as a potential source of power that could enhance the exercise of their rights. Education does not play a big role in elevating the people's level of awareness of their rights. However, the electors, regardless of educational attainment, are still inclined to exercise their rights if their welfare is at stake. The electorate, regardless of occupation, exercise their rights if it is cost- effective. They act positively if the perceived benefits outweigh the perceived costs. Minority religious groups that are managed by non-Filipinos tend to be more politically active in order to compensate for their status. C. The people exhibit a moderate sense of political efficacy. They are not fully confident of their ability to significantly influence government affairs. The recommendations of the study include the following: 1. The government must initiate a program on political socialization in order to create and promote desirable values and attitudes conducive to participatory democracy particularly in the exercise of political rights. It must initiate campaign to educate the people about their rights and stir them top political activism. 2. A municipal library may also be maintained where important information regarding the activities of the municipality may be showcased so that the people will he encouraged to support the endeavors of the municipality. 3. The local government may also conduct an intensive information campaign regarding the activities of the municipality for the people to support the local government. 4. The organization of the Barangay Development Council as provided in RA 7160 must he strengthened and made visible in order to organize task forces to promote citizen participation in local governance. 5. Researchers may conduct studies on the exercise of political rights among indigenous people to know whether constitutional mandates can effectively co-exist with traditional institutions.Item Performance of executive powers among punong barangays in Benguet(1997-03) Bacuso, Malcom P.The study is focused on the presentation and analysis' of the performance level of powers and functions among punong barangays in Benguet. Along this line, the problems encountered in the performance of powers and functions were identified. The foregoing areas considered, their corresponding implications on local governance were brought out. The study sought to present the performance :level of executive powers among punong barangays in Benguet. Specifically, the study is concerned with the questions: What is the performance level of executive powers of the punong barangays in: a. agricultural barangays, and b. non-agricultural barangays? What are the problems encountered in the performance of powers by the punong barangays in a. agricultural barangays, and b. non-agricultural barangays? 3. Is there a significant difference between the performance level and the problems encountered by the punong barangays in agricultural and non-agricultural barangays in the following areas: a. enforcement of laws; b. delivery of basic services; c. cooperative undertakings; d. preparation of budget; e. human resource development; f. local legislation, and g. judicial administration? The study covered 40 punong barangays as respondents. They are classified into two categories: agricultural punong barangays (35) and non-agricultural punong barangays (5). Data had been gathered using performance checklists, self-administered questionnaires and, interviews. The performance of powers and the problems encountered thereon were presented and analyzed within the purview of R.A. 7160 respecting the barangays. The data gathered were treated using statistical tools like frequency counts and ranking. The same data were further tested using t-test and Friedman Rank Test. The performance level of powers by the punong barangays is descriptively average. This is true in both agricultural and non-agricultural barangays. Specifically, the punong,; barangays are moderately low in the enforcement of laws. cooperative undertakings, human resource development and local legislation. But they are above average in the delivery of basic services, preparation of budget and judicial administration. The top most problems encountered by the punong barangays in the perfcTmance of their powers are inadequacy of funds and resources, inadequacy of training and expertise, lack of support from the higher levels of government and from the residents. These problems are present in both groups of harangays. In particular, inadequacy of funds is the outstanding problem. The data gathered and analyzed in this study disclosed the following conclusions: 1. The performance level of executive powers in both agricultural and non-agricultural barangays is the same. Hence, the economic status of the barangays does not affect the performance of powers. 2. Except in the area of human resource development, the problems encountered by the punong barangays in the performance of powers are the same in both categories of barangays. Therefore, the economic condition of the barangays is immaterial to the performance of powers. 3. There is no significant difference between the performance level and the problems encountered by the punong barangays in agricultural and non-agricultural barangays, except in human resource development insofar as the problems are concerned. 4. Inadequacy of funds is a major problem in the governance of the barangays. Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered: 1. There is a need to upgrade and improve the performance level of powers by the punong barangays in Benguet, specifically in the areas of enforcement of laws, cooperative undertakings, human resource development and barangay legislation. 2. There is a need to increase the financial resources of the barangay government so that the punong barangays will perform their powers and functions more effectively. 3. Similarly there is a necessity to improve and enhance the linkages between and among barangay governments, other LGUs, NGOs and POs. 4. Finally, there is a need to upgrade the knowledge of the punong barangays in local governance. The study is limited to the descriptive analysis of the performance level of executive powers and the Problems encountered thereon by the punong barangays. Therefore, the following are recommended areas for further study: 1. Performance of legislative powers and the problems encountered thereon by the members Of the sangguniang barangays. 2. Performance of powers and functions and the problems encountered by appointive barangay officials like the secretary and treasurer. 3. Performance of powers in the barangays of other provinces particularly in the Cordilleras. 4. Overall administrative capability of the barangay governments to deliver basic services.Item The Training program of short distance runners in the public secondary schools in Baguio City(1999-04) Mendoza, Maria Glena C.This study was conducted to evaluate the training program of short distance runners in the public secondary schools in Baguio City. Specifically, it sought to answer the extent and differences of use of following training preparations, conditioning, pre-competition, competition, post competition, the extent of adequacy of the facilities and equipment used by athletes and their coaches/ trainors in their training, degree of seriousness of problems/ difficulties that are encountered by athletes and their coaches/ trainors in their training. The descriptive method was used with the questionnaire as the instrument in gathering data of the study. The statistical tools used were percentage and weighted mean. This study has the following findings: 1. The extent in performing the activities in the four season training reflect the following: a. These were often performed by the athletes and coaches/trainors under the conditioning preparation. b. These were seldom done by the respondents under the pre-competition training. c. These were often performed by the respondents under the competition training. d. These were seldom performed by the athletes under the post-competition training. e. These were sometimes used by the coaches/trainors under the post-competition training. 2. The facilities used by the respondents were found to be inadequate. The equipment used by the respondents were found to be slightly adequate. 3. The problems/difficulties encountered by the respondents were considered moderately serious. From the results, the following conclusions have been drawn: 1. The extent in performing activities by athletes and coaches/trainors vary dependent on the type of season training. 2. Maximum usage of facilities and equipment have not been considered by athletes and coaches/trainors. 3. Problems are rated differently by the two groups of respondents. Based on the foregoing findings, the following recommendations are forwarded: 1. As a whole, the activities under the conditioning, pre-competition, and competition should be done frequently to improve and maintain the skills of the runners. 2. Athletes should engage in other sports activities that fit their own biological cycle. 3. Purchase of necessary training equipment and constructing facilities for short distance events should be given priority by school administrators and thus be included in the school budget. 4. The coaches should likewise consider the abilities of the athletes to perform physical tasks in order to meet the pressures of training. 5. School administration should also consider the financial needs of the athletes as well as their coaches/trainors. They should be given additional incentives/salary especially during training and competition. 6. Coaches and trainors should be encouraged to attend in-service training to improve their coaching and training skills. 7. Coaches should expose athletes to more competitions. 8. Coaches should prepare a five-year development plan for the athletes to include the following: a. Athletes development; b. Coaches development; c. Facilities and equipment development. 9. Administrators, sports coordinators and specialists review and assess the training program prepared by the coaches/trainors. 10. There should be an assessment of the performance of the athletes.Item Images of the Cordillera in selected Filipino children's literature(1991) Orendain, Margarita R.There is an entire body of Filipino children's Literature between the concern of publishers, writers and illustrators since the 1960s. There is also a considerable body of Filipino children's Literature on the Cordillera that began to be written even before this time. However, other than the form of analysis represented in the selection of worthwhile books made by early and recent award-giving bodies in the country, little discussion along scholarly lines has been done. It is in this context that this study proposed to delineate the images of the Cordillera in selected Filipino children's literature. Specifically, this study proposed to investigate the genres into which such literature may be classified, the themes of and the images reflected in them, and the results of a comparison between the images reflected and the objective description of the Cordillera, its people and its culture as recorded in the social science materials. To arrive at the answer to these problems, 46 prose works for children on the 7 ethno linguistic groups of the Cordillera were analyzed. After classifying the stories and articles into the genres of children's literature in general, a discussion followed regarding their content, the aspects or features on Cordillera life such literature treated and from which the themes were identified, the images of the Cordillera drawn from such themes and how these compare with anthropological and sociological data on the land, its people and its culture, and finally, a consideration of these selected texts as true literature. The study basically used the descriptive method, supplemented by library research and, where needed, the interview technique. Library research involved tracing the children's books back to their publication houses in Metro Manila and locating relevant and valuable sources in the libraries and special collections of institutions and individuals in Baguio City and Metro Manila. Interviews too were conducted in these places. Two literary approaches were further made use of. The formalistic approach was utilized in determining the different genres into which selected prose works may be grouped and in classifying these same works under those genres. The sociological approach was utilized in delineating the relationship among particular works on the Cordillera, the objective description of the people and culture, and the possible perceptions of the reading audience for whom the literature has been written. This need to compare material from different disciplines led then to the additional use of the interdisciplinary approach. The 46 children's stories and articles selected for analysis in this study fall under 5 genres: realistic or modern fiction, informational books, modern fantasy, picture story books and traditional or folk literature. Themes of family life, social living, friendship, beliefs and rituals, and change are the focus of these works that reflect the images of a land precious to the people to whom it has provided a home, bountiful resources and varied economic activities; of a people for whom family and children are important and for whom family and village life is characterized by cooperative behavior; and of a culture steeped in a system of beliefs in the supernatural which exerts control and influence over every aspect of human living but which may be appeased and appealed to in the form of rituals. A comparison of these works and an objective description of the Cordillera reveal that children's literature GA the Cordillera generally present no glaring misrepresent2tion of the land, its people and its culture. However, what may give rise to misimpressions or an inaccurate picture includes the portrayal of a land not distinctly characteristic of the Cordillera in its terrain, houses and name; of a people not known for their more accurate names, village life and fiercely independent and proud nature; and of a culture whose deities axe indiscriminately named and whose practices become a source of un-founded descriptions. These findings and conclusions lead to recommendations that w:4imarily focus on the studied care with which the text and illustrations of Filipino children's literature should be prepared; on the serious responsibility that falls on these writers and illustrators; on the promotion of and encouragement of Interest in such literature; and or the great need for farther investigation of certain aspects in such literature and in all children's literature on the Cordillera.