Master of Arts in Political Science
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Item Political climate and student activism in selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City, 1997-1998(1999-03) Taliping, Mary Jane B.The study evaluated the influence of political climate on student leaders' activism among selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the school year 1997-1998. It analyzed the degree of influence and difference of degree of influence of the factors of political climate namely, campus issues or problems, community issues or problems and ideology of student movements. It likewise investigated the extent of achievement of the aims of student activism in promoting socio-political consciousness, promoting better interpersonal relations between teachers and students; reconciling administrative policies and student demands; introducing reforms in the institution; and furthering community involvement. The descriptive-evaluative method was utilized using the descriptive-survey technique. 1. Political climate was very influential on student leaders' activism in selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the academic year 1997-1998. 2. The student leader activists significantly achieved in the promotion of socio-political consciousness, reconciliation of administrative policies and student demands, introduction of reforms in the institution and furtherance of community involvement. 3. There is a significant difference of the factors of political climate only in terms of quantitative value. 1. Ideology is very influential on student leaders' activism among selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the school year 1997-1998. 2. Student leader activists are more focused in the promotion of socio-political consciousness and furtherance of community involvement. 3. Ideology is significantly higher than the other factors of political climate. 1. The administration to pay careful attention to politics and decision-making and interact with student leader activists through serious minded and intellectual dialogues without being too quick in disregarding their emotional stances. 2. The faculty to unceaselessly ideologize students on the rule of law which is in layman's language, is the rule of fair play. 3. The student leaders to: a. promote socio-political consciousness to expose the illnesses of the society in search for remedies. b. promote better interpersonal relations between teachers and students with due consideration of the proper representatives of the educational institution to whom the educator sought employment. c. reconcile administrative policies and student demands by exhausting all reasonable and lawful means with the objective of entering to an agreement with school administrators which will be beneficial.to the institution as a whole. d. introduce reforms in the institution always with the backings or support of the elders within the institution and not with the proddings of other interest groups in the community. e. further community involvement by eyeing at more attentively on the issues or problems within the locality before undertaking regional or national issues or problems. f. systematize the filing of records of the ideologically oriented student movements and student councils for assessment of performances after an academic year. g. broaden the definition of campus repression to include not only suppression of students' basic rights by the school administration but also acts of prevention by student leader activists in the exercise of fundamental rights of non-striking students to education, due process and academic freedom. 4. The students not to be blinded by "false" activists hiding under the cloak of "personal interests". 5. The future researches on: a. Document analysis of ideologically oriented movements. b. Alliances of student movements with other support groups. c. Comparative study on student activism between state-owned and private (sectarian and non-sectarian) tertiary institutions. d. Repetition of the study using both student leaders and followers as respondents with the same variables. e. Qualitative research that would focus on the behavioral aspect of student activists. f. Analysis of the profile of student leader activists based on age, number of years as an activist, number of years as a student, organizational rank and academic affiliations.Item Social services and environmental management in San Juan, La Union(2019-05) Rodriguez, Dulce M.Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991 states that the barangay is the basic political unit. As a basic political unit, the barangay plays a vital role in governance in the country being a political subdivision of the national government; in planning and implementing the government programs, basic services, projects, and activities. It also serves as the forum in which the collective views of the people in the community maybe crystallized and considered. The barangay, being the third tier of the government, has been recognized as an institution capable of delivering the basic services as complementaries to human development and provides environmental protection to secure the health and sanitation of the people. Under section 17 of the Local Government Code of 1991, each barangay is mandated to provide services and facilitates such as health and social welfare services, which include maintenance of barangay health centers, services and facilitates for general hygiene and sanitation, beautification and solid waste collection, and infrastructure facilities like sports centers. The aim of the study was to determine the Social Services and Environmental Management in the selected barangays in San Juan, La Union. Specifically, the study sought answers to the following questions: 1. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the selected barangays in the areas of: a. Health and Nutrition; b. Education, Culture and Sports; and c. Environmental Management? 2. What are the measures to sustain the strengths and remedy the weaknesses of the selected barangays? The following were the major findings of the study: 1.a In terms of Health and Nutrition, both barangays had adequate number of Barangay Health Workers and Barangay Nutrition Scholar stationed in the barangay health center and advocated programs responsive to the needs for their constituents such as operation timbang, oplan food supplementation, dissemination of IEC materials regarding dengue, rabbies, orientation regarding expanded program on immunization (EPI), “4S” for dengue prevention, and senior citizen program. b. In terms of Education, culture, and sports, both barangays had established barangay day care center where the barangay day care program was implemented, and conducted cultural and sports activities. c. In terms of environmental management, barangay Urbiztondo and barangay cabaroan implemented the clean and green program, maintained sewerage or drainage canal through their organized barangay ecological and solid waste management committee. 2.a. In terms of health and nutrition, allocation of budget is the most identified measure to sustain their strengths and remedy their weaknesses. B. In terms of education, culture and sports, continuous allocations budget, and construction of additional room, toughen linkages and coordination with the Department of Education were the measures to sustain their strengths and remedy their weaknesses. C. In terms of environmental management, the identifies measures to sustain the strengths and remedy the weaknesses were the continuous conduct of clean-up drive, strong partnership with the constituents, increase level of awareness of the people through social media, implementation and enforcement of different ordinances relative to solid waste management, posting of signages, establish linkage with the Surfer’s club, conduct of tree planting, establish eco-park per purok, and formulate solid waste management plan. In light of the findings of the study, the following are the conclusions.: 1.a. In terms of health and nutrition, the strengths of Barangays Cabaroan and Urbiztondo are presence of health and nutrition implementers, barangay health center, and advocated health and nutrition programs; while their weaknesses are absence of both botika ng barangay, public comfort room, and communal garden. B. In terms of education, culture, and sports, the strengths are presence of barangay day care center, implemented day care program, and conducted cultural and sports activities; while their weaknesses are absence of information, learning and reading center, and alternative learning system. c. In terms of environmental management, barangay Urbiztondo is strong in almost all areas except support to conversion program, formulation of barangay solid waste management action plan while Cabaroan is strong in the same areas with Urbiztondo except in the areas where it is weak: enactment of ordinance on solid waste management, implementing waste segregation and volume control, garbage collection scheme, and materials recovery facility. 2.a. In terms of health and nutrition, the measures undertaken to sustain the two barangays’ common strengths are continuous allocation of budget and continuous dissemination of information; while the measures undertaken to remedy the common weaknesses on botika ng barangay, public comfort room and communal garden are allocation of budget, distribution of toilet bowls, linkage with the Municipal and provincial government, cooperation and collaboration with the 4Ps, and distribution of deep-well. B. In terms of education, culture and sports, the measures undertaken to sustain the two barangays’ common strengths are continuous allocation of budget; while the measures undertaken to remedy their common weaknesses are construction of additional room, looking for donors of books and reading materials, provided internet, coordination with the DepEd, and encouragement of the out-of-school-youth. C, in terms of environmental management, the measures undertaken to sustain the two barangays’ common strengths are conduct of clean-up drive activity, increase the awareness of the people through social media, and strong partnership with the constituents; while the remedies undertaken by barangay Cabaroan being the barangay which has weaknesses in this are of establishment of 3R’s policy, requires trash bins, a needed for enactment of ordinances/ resolution for waste segregation, increase information dissemination, provision of receptacles for each type of waste, implement “ batog ko, linis ko”, continuous clean-up drive and require compost pit for each households, and allocate budget for MRF. In relation with the findings and conclusions of this research, the following are recommended: 1.a. In terms of health and nutrition, both barangays should intensify their programs, policies, projects, and activities to include other needs of the constituents in line with the mandate of providing quality of life to the constituents. B. In terms of education, culture and sports, both barangay may encourage parents to help them in sourcing out of funds in order to provide the lacking needs of the barangay. C. Both barangay should formulate a barangay solid waste management plan as their basis in the identification of the strategies, initiatives and activities to be undertaken in the implementation of the solid waste management Act of 2000 or RA 9003. 2.a. In terms of health and nutrition, both barangays should sustain and continue their programs, projects, and activities because these are instrumental in providing quality of life of the constituents; while their weaknesses should further improve by tapping the Department of Health, Provincial Government, Municipal Government, and other linkages because these are causal to the development of a healthy lifestyle of the constituents. B. in terms of education, culture and sports, both barangays should sustain their strengths because these are primary in the total development of human being, thus the barangay officials of both barangays will continue to support their programs, projects, and activities through continuous allocation of budget; while their weaknesses continuous should be improved because these will help in the development of mental abilities for individuals and out-of-school-youth through the assistance of the department of Education. C. In terms of environmental management, both barangays should sustain their strengths by showing their commitment, and sincerity to encourage direct involvement, cooperation and sense of ownership because these are contributory to the attainment of a healthier, cleaner and greener environment while for their weaknesses, both barangays should overcome these by imposing their political will to attain the optimum level of performance of the barangay, 3.a the proposed policy on award system for the selected barangays is humbly recommended for review and consideration. B. this present study may serve as encouragement and motivation for future researchers to conduct a similar study to include more indicators, and use other methods to validate and broaden further the results of the present study.Item Political motives and leadership qualities of local political elites(2015-04) Ramos, Flordeliza V.The elites in politics is one important topic in the field of Political Science. It has been a consistent subject of studies by writers and scholars because of these elites'" great part in the fife and history of every society. In the Philippines, there are political elites who did excellent job as leaders. There are also political elites who abused their powers in the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the government. Leaders' motives and their qualities became a recent issue in the country. It is ironical that top officials from the elites and who are considered as the best and finest are the ones- facing different cases and criminal charges. It is the researcher's aim that while in the process of this study, it will be a time for evaluation and learning for the politic(ii elites, their subordinates and constituents. This will also make the electorate get to know whom they have voted or will vote in the coming elections. The result of this study will also help aspiring leaders in preparing them to possess necessary qualities would be beneficial in the pursuit of good governance. This research focused on determining the motives and leadership qualities of the local political elites of Salcedo, Ilocos Sur. Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions: 1. What are the motives of each municipal official in entering politics? 2. How are the local political elites described as to their leadership qualities in relation to the transformational and transactional leadership model? 3. How do the following variables relate to the development and practice of transactional and transformational leadership? a. Socio-economic status i. Educational attainment ii. Income/wealth b. Length of service "The researcher made use of the descriptive method and the case study approach for this research:. The researcher conducted a semi-structured interview with the key informants and also looked at documents including officials' profile with their economic record and minutes of meetings The multi-factor leadership questionnaire was administered to the respondents and the researcher got the average score of each political elites in the transformational and transactional leadership qualities. The following are the major findings of the study: 1. The Municipal Mayor, Vice - Mayor and seven (7) Sanguniang Bayan members are economically stable and one(l) Sanguniang Bayan member declared that he is not economically stable. 2. The political elites of Salcedo got a higher average score in transformational leadership qualities than transactional leadership qualities. Two of the political elites got a relatively low score in transformational leadership qualities than the other political elites. 3. The Municipal Mayor, Vice Mayor and six (6) Sanguniang Bayan members are college graduates, two of them with post-graduate units and college undergraduate and the other two (2) Sanguniang Bayan members did not reach college. The Sanguniang Bayan members who did not reach college got a relatively low score in the transformational leadership qualities. Nine (9) of the political elites are socio-economically stable and only (1) is not economically _table, The. Municipal Mayor and the eight (8) Sanguniang Bayan members had been in the local politics of Salcedo for more than five years while it is the second year of the Municipal Vice Mayor. In light of the findings of the study, the following are the conclusions: 1. The Municipal Mayor of Salcedo Ilocos Sur, Vice Mayor and seven (7) Sanguniang Sayan Members have a "live for" motive in politics and only one political elite has a "live off" motive in politics. 2. All of the local political elites of Salcedo, Ilocos Sur have transformational leadership qualities than transactional leadership qualities. 3. Educational attainment of the local political elites of Salcedo is significant in developing transformational leadership qualities while wealth and income and length of service are not factors in developing neither transformational nor transactional leadership qualities. In relation with the findings and conclusions of this research, the following are recommended: 1. Since nine (9) of the ten (10) political elites of Salcedo, Ilocos Sur are already considered to have "live for" motive in politics and only one (1) has "live off" motive, the leadership could take an action to help their colleagues to find ways to have source of income other that what politics can give him. 2. Since all of the local political elites of Salcedo ranks higher in the transformational leadership qualities than transactional, these local government officials should sponsor a seminar on transformational and transactional leadership that for all municipal employees and to all barangay workers so that they could equally possess this quality as they serve. 3. Since higher education can be a factor to develop transformational leadership qualities, local government officials are encouraged to get short courses on leadership or public administration. 4. Further research can be done on different political elites of the municipalities of Ilocos Sur, and all leaders around the country. 5. A study focusing on the relationship of educational attainment and length of service in the development of transformational and transactional leadership qualities can be done. 6. A contextualized material on transformational and transactional leadership qualities can be developed primarily for the political elites in the Philippines.Item Gender stereotyping in Philippine television commercial(2019-07) Ramos, Vanessa A.Gender stereotyping is high in the Philippines, assuming that the equality is the basis of comparison for gender stereotyping and that stereotyping is more prevalent when advertising deviates more from gender equality (Eisend, 2010). Hence, this study aimed to analyze the representation of men and women in the selected Philippines television commercials. The general objective of the study is to find out the gender stereotyping that are reflected in the selected Philippine television commercials in terms of setting, language, characters, endorser/voiceover, over product category and to discover how do the respondents recognized the gender stereotypes in the selected Philippine television commercials in terms of personality trait, gender/occupational role. The core intention of this study was to examine the gender stereotyping in selected Philippine television commercials. Specifically, it sought answers to the following research queries: 1. What gender stereotyping exists in selected Philippine television commercials in terms of: a. Setting b. Language c. Character d. Endorser/ Voiceover e. Product Category 2. How do the respondents recognize the gender stereotyping in the television commercials in terms of: a. Personality trait b. Occupational/ gender role c. Physical Appearance This study utilized a quality method of research, content analysis and reception analysis which included an adopted questionnaire for senior high and college students, a group discussion for students on October 2018. To treat the data, the following were sued; first, to analyze the reflected gender stereotype in the selected Philippine television commercials, content analysis was used having the following elements: settings, language, characters, endorser/voiceover, product category. Second, to determine how did the participants recognized the gender stereotype in the selected Philippine television commercials in terms of personality trait, occupational/gender role, and physical appearance. Based on the findings, the following conclusions are formulated: 1. Gender stereotyping through personality traits had been most evident in the selected Philippine television commercials in the elements of character, setting and language. 2. The respondents of the group interview believed that the television commercials shown to them clearly depicts gender stereotype through the depiction of gender roles and that most of the participants had decoded the message having a negotiated position. Based on the findings, the following are recommended: 1. There is an obvious need to address the nature of advertising and ideological are still prevalent in the advertising content. The commercial content does not accurately represent society, nor does it adopt fair, unbiased representations of men and women. Research continually exposed this fact, but it is obvious that little or no change has occurred. The ideal solution would be to dispose the use of stereotypes completely, however this will only be taken away, if the key techniques that advertisers employ to make contact with audience is more realistic approach and to call for more accurate representations or rather more positive stereotypes. Not all stereotypes are negative, and advertisers can employ this counter-act the use of negative gender stereotypes. The government and media owners should support efforts concerned with the representation of women in the media that aim to raise awareness among journalists and other media professionals. 1. The government and other concerned institution should support initiatives that aspire to increase the understanding of how gender is constructed, reconstructed and contested in media discourse and the ideological implementations involved for gender transformation as well as the development of the Philippine society. 3. A wider sample should have been used in this study, as these findings are significant, yet they cannot be generalized to wider population. More concentration should have also been given to performing the qualitative analysis on a larger sample number of advertisements. 4. Future research must work towards creating a more balanced account of both male and female. This research proved that separating the two is next to impossible. The result be a more holistic study that takes into account in equal measures for both the sexes. 5. Further research might also consider a longitudinal study in which advertising content looks at representations across a certain period. A longitudinal time frame would accommodate any changes in trends and patterns. 6. A module on gender development are employed in the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics could be provided to the teachers who will teach the said subject.Item Factors influencing the selection of branch of service by the Philippine Military Academy cadets(2003-09) Ramos, Francisco TandogUnlike other service academies, Philippine Military Academy(PMA) produces regular officers who are distributed in the three major service branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) namely: Philippine Army(PA), Philippine Navy(PN), and Philippine Air Force(PAF). The distribution of officers in the different branches of service is done while they are still cadets and on the basis of cadets' preference .However, due to the quota set forth by higher headquarters for the number of cadets joining in each branch of service, the proportional distribution of cadets in the different branch of service is not realized. Knowing and understanding the various factors and their influence on the selection of branch of service is important in improving the distribution of cadets in the different branches of the AFP. Improved recruitment policies that capitalize on the perceived factors may balance the distribution of cadets on the basis of their preferences. This study aimed to find out the factors that influence the selection of branch of service by the cadets of Philippine Military Academy. The specific problems answered in the study were: 1. What are the factors that influence the selection of branch of service of cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005? 2. What is the extent of influence of the following factors to the members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 with regard to the selection of their branches of service? a. social b. economic c. personality 3. How do the following factors, social, economic, and personality differ as to their influence on the selection of branch of service of the cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005 when grouped according to: a. age b. ethnicity 4. How does the selection of branch of service differ according to: a. age b. ethnicity c. gender The study made use of the descriptive survey method of research. Survey questionnaires coupled with Informal interviews were used as data gathering tools. The study was conducted among the entire members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005. Frequency counts, ranking, weighted mean, t-test, one way analysis of variance and Chi-square test were used in the treatment of data. Spearman's rank correlation and Kendall coefficient concordance were also used to measure the association of ranked factors. The following were the major findings of the study: 1. The main social factors influencing the selection of branch of service of cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005 were inspiration from somebody who is from the same branch of service, prestige, and unique socio-cultural tradition of the service. On economic factors, both classes shared two identical factors. One is a stable and more secure means to support their family and the other is wide range of opportunities when the cadets go out of the service. Class 2004 chose easier access to monitor and support their family as one factor while class 2005 identified attractive fringe benefits as the other factor. As far as personality factors, both classes mentioned managerial/leadership interest and competence, service to society, and thrill on field life and experience as the most influential factors. 2. Social factors had less influence on the selection of branch of service by cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005; economic factors had strong influence on those who are joining in the Navy and the Air Force but had les influence for those going to the Army. Personality factors had strong influence to those joining either in the Army, Navy, or Air Force. 3. The influence of social, economic, and personality factors do not differ significantly when cadets are grouped according to age and ethnicity. 4. The selection of branch of service differ significantly according to gender but not with age and ethnicity. Based on the findings, these conclusions were drawn: 1.The members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 are influenced by almost the same social, economic, and personality factors. 2. Social, economic and personality factors induced the same level of influence on the choice of members of PMA' classes 2004 and 2005 when grouped according to their branch of service. However, the strong influence of economic factors made some members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 preferred Navy and Air Force as their branch of service. 3. Age and ethnicity grouping do not have significant effect on the extent of influence of social, economic and personality factors in the choice of branch of service by cadets. 4. The preference for a branch of service is not influenced by age and ethnicity grouping of the cadets. However, gender influenced the choice significantly. Based on the study the following recommendations are offered: 1. PMA in particular and the AFP in general may capitalize on the identified social, economic, and personality factors in their recruitment of prospective applicants. 2. The Department of Ground Warfare of Tactics Group, PMA should find means to offset the strong influence of economic factors which drive a lot of cadets to prefer Navy and Air Force as their branch of service. The Army officers might as well strengthen their image as role models and drum up the feeling of prestige and emphasized service to society as an implied task of the Army in order to draw more cadets to volunteer in that branch of service. 3. The Higher Headquarters have to push and make representations for the enactment of law that would increase the amount of P240/month combat pay being received by the Army personnel to be more or less at par with the flying pay of the Air Force and sea duty pay of the Navy which is equivalent to 50% and 25% of their base pay, respectively. It may also be appropriate to provide more incentives for Army men in order to win over more quality personnel to volunteer in that branch. 4. The Department of Leadership Development, Tactics Group, PMA has to formulate a written policy if there is still none or modify existing policy on the distribution of cadets in the different branches of service so that unequal distribution of cadets on the basis of their academic standing has to be minimized if it can not entirely be avoided. 5. A replication of this study involving the performance in the field of the officers who joined in their preferred branch of service and those who joined in the service not of their preference may be undertaken. Another study may be conducted to study the feasibility of establishing separate academies for the Army, Navy, or Air Force with the end in view of doing away with the practice or tendency of assigning an officer to a branch of service not actually his own preference or primary choice.Item Implementation of Republic Act 9485 San Fernando City, La Union(2019-12) Manabat, John Carlo A.It is the policy of the state to promote integrity, accountability, proper management of public affairs and public property as well as to establish effective practices aimed at the prevention of graft and corruption of the government. The Anti-red tape Act of 2007 was the first legislation in the Philippines to establish a minimum standard in accessing frontline government services with the over all intention to increase transparency and to promote honesty and responsibility in the government service deliver At present, the City Government of San Fernando's vision pursues a people’s economically and socially empowered, with a vibrant economy, disaster resilient communities and competent leaders espousing fair play. To check whether the current administration is truly adhering to their City's vision which is said to be rooted in integrity, inclusiveness, and innovation, the researcher is then prompted to determine the extent of implementation of the Anti-Red Tape Act in the most visited offices of the City Government of San Fernando, and to analyze how the feedback mechanisms help in the strengthening of the implementation of ARTA. This study aimed to examine the implementation of R.A. 9485 (Anti-Red Tape act of 2007) in the City of San Fernando, La Union. Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions: 1. What is the extent of implementation of R.A. 9485 as assessed by the employees and the clients along the following areas: a. Citizen's Charter; b. Anti-Fixing Campaign; c. No Noon Break Policy; d. ID/Nameplates; e. Public Assistant and Complaint Desk; f. Frontline service providers; and g. Service Quality? 2. How do the feedback mechanisms enhance the implementation of R.A. 9485? This study used descriptive-survey research design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative approach was used to interview, documentary analysis and observation, while quantitative approach was used through the survey questionnaire. Based on the research problem, the following are the findings: 1. The respondents and clients provides a very Highly implemented high rating for all of the four offices in two areas namely No Noon Break Policy and ID/ Nameplates. Meanwhile, only OCA received a highly implemented rating as compared to the Very Highly implemented rating of the three other offices in the remaining five areas (Citizen’s Charter, Anti-Fixing Campaign, Public Assistance and Complaint Desk, Frontline Service Providers, and Service Quality) 2. The City Government of San Fernando, La Union uses two types of feedback mechanisms, one is a manual feedback form, while the other is through social media and a digital platform. These feedback mechanisms not only provide specific evaluations of a particular service, but its process also guarantees the resolution of the concerns or complaints filed by a client. Based on the findings, the following are the conclusions: 1. The extent of implementation of RA 9485 as assessed by the employees and the clients is Very Highly Implemented for all the seven areas (Citizen's Charter; Anti-Fixing Campaign; No Noon Break Policy; ID/Nameplates; Public Assistance and Complaint Desk; Frontline Service Providers; and, Service Quality). 2. The feedback mechanisms serve as an authentic tool to improve the quality of service of the City Government. Based on the findings, the following are recommended: 1. The City Government should spearhead capability enhancement programs on areas of their discipline and on behavior through a series of seminars and workshops for their continuing development and improvement of quality of service. LEBDO must conduct a workshop in crafting a more comprehensive approach for their Anti-fixing Campaign. OCA must develop a strategical program or a project that will streamline the transaction procedure to reduce the time needed for the completion of the service. CHO and REG must be reoriented with the policy of wearing IDs/Nameplates. For all the offices, it is also advised to have a seminar and workshop on the customization of the Citizen's Charter to address the public's concern regarding the readability and presentation of this document, and a seminar as well on the creation of an appropriate working schedule to assure the implementation of no noon break policy. 2. The City Government should develop an anti-red tape committee that will monitor the implementation of the provisions of the Anti-Red Tape Act, and facilitate the feedback management system, both written and digital, for quality assurance and streamlining of duties. The same committee shall continue and reinforce the existing programs that improves the service quality such as the integrated queueing system, the one-stop-shops and the various feedback mechanisms. The committee should also oversee the compliance of the ARTA provisions regarding the presentation of the Citizen's Charter, wearing of IDs, adherence to no noon break policy, and the establishment of public assistance and complaint desks. The ARTA committee should present a uniform template of presentation of the Citizen's Charter, develop strategies that deal with the clients' concerns such as the establishment of public assistance and complaint desks and the promotion of hotline numbers in every office, and impose sanctions on the noncompliance with the ARTA provisions. Lastly, the ARTA committee shall recommend the inclusion of feedback from the clients in the evaluation and ranking of the employees.3. The researcher recommends a study that will determine the correlation of the implementation of the provisions of the Anti-Red Tape Act and the level of Citizen's Satisfaction to identify if there is a relationship between implementation of the provisions and the satisfaction of the clients regarding the services provided by the offices.Item Clientelism and electoral politics: A case study of the local government of Mangatarem(1994-07) Masaoay, Sonia G.This is a case study of politics in Mangatarem, Pangasinan in specific electoral periods: 1963, 1967q 1971 and 1980 focusinq on the leadership strategies of Jorge C. Mendoza who won in the aforementioned years and was able to hold on to power for twenty two uninterrupted years. As far as evidence in this study is concerned, mayor Mendoza resorted to clientelism in the form of personalistic benefits and patronage practices. The key informant interviewing was employed in this study and the respondents were determined based on McCall's and Simmons' snowball sampling. Mangatarem’s electoral politics and Mendoza's leadership strategies were analyzed in the light of Lande's theory of clientelism. Mangatarem's electoral politics was marked by the reciprocal relationships between the voters and the leader. During elections, voters give preference to a person with whom they have some special connection or from whom they expect to retain employment, public work benefits or other forms of material incentives. Once elected, the leader will have to continue dispensing favors to his supporters in order to be elected in the future elections. Evidences in this study reveal that two factors are responsible for Mendoza' s ability to win in four election periods namely; clientelism and his leadership qualities. Clientelist or pate. Yage practices were not alien to the townspeople since they were resorted to by the mayor's predecessors. Clientelism took various forms like clientelism by “issue bandwagoning”, clientelism by persona patronage and clientelism by charisma. Clientelism by "issue bandwagoning" was a strategy wherein the mayor, in his desire to gain the peoples' mandate sensationalized issues or problems and attacked his opponents' inability to solve the same. On the other hand, he depicted himself as the man who could cure such problems. Jorge Mendoza also employed clientelism by personal patronage, which was characterized by his skillful ability to dispense favors, jobs, aids and beneficial projects such as feeder roads and bridges to his constituents. The voters in turn expressed their debt of gratitude to Mendoza through their unwavering loyalty and support during elections. Alongside these, the mayor was also judged according to his leadership qualities and his ability to maintain smooth interpersonal relationship (SIR) with the people and this could be labeled as clientelism by charisma. In a rural community like Mangatarem, the voters put premium on smooth interpersonal relations as well as the humility and good naturedness of the leader. Finally, SIR in the form of friendly words, good gestures, and the avoidance to hurt the feelings of others governed the relationship between the leader and his constituents. Clientelism, which involves the allocation of patronage resources by the leader to his constituents, still a very important factor in the choice of a leader. A leader seeking another term must maintain his image as a patron who is expected to render assistance in times of the peoples' needs, be it personal family problems or public exigencies. Lest he be forgotten by his constituents, the leader must give priority to infrastructure projects in order to leave a lasting impression upon the people. This strategy was more prevalent in the rural areas like Mangatarem because of the farmers' dependency upon the landlords who also maintained the image of patrons and as such had seeped through the mainstream of local politics. Furthermore, the voters choice of leader also hinged on their socio-economic status. Since the leader was seen primarily as a dispenser of jobs, those who belong to the lower class have the tendency to consider candidates who could uplift their living conditions. This voting behavior showed the Filipinos' personalistic orientations during elections. Leadership selection is a very important political exercise and as such it must be anchored on the capabilities of the candidates to lead the people. Mayor Mendoza was able to hold on to power because of patronage politics and the personalistic benefits he had granted to his constituents. Since these practices have corruptive effects, the following are recommended: an in-depth study on the ill effects of patronage practices in various places of the country both at the local and national levels must be conducted. Efforts must also be exerted toward=, voter' conscientization so that they may know the true essence of elect ions. Conscientization carries with it a political awareness from the people that leaders are dispensers of duties, not favors. Seminars of this kind could be a joint effort of the government and non-government organizations which must be launched at the national and local levels prior to every election. Moreover, academicians, social and political scientists must also take part in conscientizing the voters since they possess the necessary tools, scholarly training and research skills. Lastly, in order to minimize the corruptive effects of patronage practices, Philippine election laws must be strictly implemented and observed by the voters and the candidates respectively.Item Factors in the political participation of college students(1997-02) Martinez, Brenda CruzThis study focused on the participation of college students in the political process. Officers of the supreme student government were chosen as respondents since they were perceived to be more active in politics than the other students, electoral activity and voting behavior were the indices used to measure political participation. The influence of the family or parental influence and mass media exposure were measured to find out how they affected the political participation of a respondent. Questionnaires were given to officers of the Supreme Student Government of the different schools in Baguio City. Before the data were treated, the method of summation was used in order to know the real score of each item in the questionnaire. Percentage difference was then used to know the relationship between political participation as the dependent variable and mass media exposure and parental influence as the independent variables, respectively. Test variables included age, gender, type of community respondent is from, course and year level. There is no significant relationship between political participation and parental influence; the Faine is true with the relationship between politic81 participation and mass media exposure. However, if test variables are introduced in determining their relationship, then there would be a considerable change in their relationship. Using year level as a test variable between political participation and parental influence yielded an insignificant relationship. Gender, age, course and type of community respondent is from provided a significant relationship between the two variables mentioned above. Gender, year level and course as test variables gave a significant relationship between political participation and mass media exposure; age and type of community did not affect the relationship of the dependent and independent variables. Parental influence and mass media exposure can be considered as factors of political participation only If test variables are introduced in determining the relationship between the former variables. Gender, age, course and type of community affect the relationship between political participation and parental influence; gender, year level and course affect the relationship between mass media exposure and political participation. Gender is a test variable which affects the relationship both between parental influence and political participation and mass media exposure and political participation. This is specially true in the case of “females.” It is therefore highly recommended that organizers of NGs, especially women groups, take measures to make women more aware of their role in politics. This can even lead to the realization of a women’s vote in the future. A voters education program may be set up by the government to raise the political awareness of the people. The youth should be trained on their civic, communal and political rights and duties. People’s groups can be organized to present issues which can be done hand in hand with mass media.Item An evaluation of the honor system of the Philippine Military Academy(2006-03) Lumibao, Antonio PabilloThe profession of arms requires a high standard of values that is essential in the performance of their military duties. Foremost in these values is the concept of honor and integrity. In the Philippines, the formation of values starts at the training schools of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). In the forefront is the Philippine Military Academy (PMA), a school for leaders that gives emphasis on character development. Integrity is one of the three core values of PMA (the two others are Courage and Loyalty) as emphasized in its motto and the main system that supports it is the Honor System. Through the years, changes were observed in the implementation of the system. There was an increase in honor cases during the late nineties. Moreover, the mishandling of honor cases resulted to a backlog of cases for two years. As a result, dishonor was identified in 2002 by then Superintendent General Rufo A. de Veyra as one of the three-headed menaces that afflict the Academy. The researcher intended to find out whether the Honor System has outlived its usefulness and if not, find out what measures can be done to further strengthen the system. This qualitative research is an evaluation of the Honor System of the Philippine Military Academy. Specifically, it sought answers to the following: 1. What is the profile of the Honor System of the following Academies? a. Philippine Military Academy b. United States Military Academy (Westpoint) c. United States Naval Academy (Annapolis) d. United States Air Force Academy (Maryland) 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the PMA Honor System along the following areas? a. Goals b. Ownership of the Honor System c. Reporting d. Investigating e. Adjudicating 3. What are the opportunities and threats of the PMA Honor System along the following areas? a. Goals b. Ownership of the Honor System c. Reporting d. Investigating e. Adjudicating 4. What Action Plan can be recommended to improve the Honor System of the Academy? To answer the questions mentioned above, unstructured interviews, document analysis, and the use of SWOT analysis were conducted. 1. Profile of US Academies. The results of the study showed that the problems that the Academy is encountering have been experienced and are still being experienced by the three major academies of the United States of America. The major profile of the Academies are the following: 1.a Compared to the United Staes major Academies, the Philippine Military Academy gives more leeway to the cadets in the administration of the honor code. 1.b The United States Military Academy does not solely choose from the honor committee members in the adjudication of honor cases. 1.c Thu United States Naval Academy is the only Academy that does not have a "non-toleration" clause in its honor code. 1.d The United States Air Force Academy relies heavily in the case method to indoctrinate their honor system to the cadets. 2. SW analysis. In the conduct of the SW analysis, the following were the findings: 2.a An atmosphere of trust that is felt within the community will reinforce to instill honor to the future officers. However, there is a need to address the problem of having different interpretations of the honor system. 2.b Cadets are trained to be honorable through the honor system. They however lack the investigative and adjudication skills. 2.c. Cadets need little supervision during examinations. However, there is still a need to properly indoctrinate them about the honor code. 2.d Cadets under investigation can readily answer charges and the investigation process is sound. The cadets though still need more formal training in investigative work. 2.e The ownership of the code is reinforced because cadets not only do the reporting and investigation but they are also the ones who will render the verdict. Again, they need to be trained in legal matters. 3. OT analysis. In the conduct of the OT analysis, the following were the findings: 3.a Cadets are seen to be more idealistic and the Academy can exploit this to have a positive perception of the honor system. The lack of positive role models affects how cadets view the honor system. 3.b Cadets' ownership of the honor system with little intervention from the Academy Administration sometimes results to legal problems. 3.c Influences from relatives of the cadets who have little knowledge of the honor code might interfere in cadets reporting honor violations. 3.d The negative perception of cadets' capability to administer the honor system can be addressed by proper indoctrination. 3.e Other agencies in the government can help train the cadets in investigating and adjudicating honor cases. 4. Action Plan to Improve the Honor System. The following were the major findings to improve the Honor System: 4.a The sanction of dismissal for all honor violators needs to be examined. A remediation program should be allowed on a case-to-case basis. 4.b The unanimous vote tends to weaken the honor system because of new practices of some cadets. It should be changed to 2/3" vote. 4.c For the cadets to feel true ownership of the honor system, the physical presence of a JAG officer is not necessary during honor deliberations. 4.d The final sanction should rest with the Superintendent. The following are the conclusions of this study: 1. The Honor System is still relevant to the development of character of the cadets in the different Academies. 2. The inadequate indoctrination of the PMA honor system is the number one problem facing it. 3. The administration of the adjudication stage of the honor system is the number one problem facing it. 4. The Action Plan will help improve the administration of the Honor System. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are the recommendations of this study: 1. An immediate implementation of the Action Plan to improve the Honor System be made. 2. The "pulse" of the Cadet Corps with regard to the Honor System should be continuously monitored and evaluated so that appropriate changes can be made to make it more effective and relevant to the development of character of the cadets.Item Towards an indigenous political theory for the Kankanaeys of Kayan(1992-10) Lumsit, Macario T.A philosophical analysis of the Kankanaeys’ cultural practices and institutions shed light to their concept of the good and just life. This concept is manifested in their indigenous labor practices, land use and management, political institutions which include conflict resolution, and those religious practices which are relevant to land use and management, labor relations, and conflict resolutions. The study covered the two barangays of Kayan considering that they have the same cultural practices data had been gathered using key informant interviews and participant observation. The practices and institutions were analyzed and interpreted within the realm of Aristotle’s, Confucious, Rawls’ philosophy and other relevant liberal philosophies. Kayan’s socio-economic-political practices and institutions can be divided according to themes implicit in them. The promotion of familiar harmony is fostered in the devolution of properties, corporate management of lakun, preference of relatives in the sale and mortgage of lands, practices of gamal and saad where male relatives are called for to assist in laying down the foundation of a kin’s house. Cooperation among the villagers is promoted in the observance of practices which are reciprocal in nature: the agag which is an informal organization of women during the planting and harvesting season; the free labor practices which accomplishes community-oriented projects that are short of funds or unfunded; the ambon, which is the community’s means of reciprocating what a concerned person did in time of death in the community, and; oo which is an obligatory contribution of one or two chupas dependent on the age of the dead person. The cooperation among villagers is further enhanced by: the corporate management of payas solidifying farmers who share the same irrigation canal and who assume the consequential responsibilities; the management of communal forests and pastures and the free usufruct of owned lands balancing socio-economic inequalities among the villagers. On the political plane, the batog institution is maintained to serve the following functions: a.) where community meetings are held b.) where rites are performed c.) where the simana of the day are based for immediate dispatch, and; d.) where conflict-resolution at the agom level is conducted. The concept of justice is reflected in their search for truth and the desire to maintain harmony with their fellowmen and nature. Instrumental in the realization of such are the local leaders who are chosen from the pool of the amam-a, who are looked up to for their wealth of information and adherence to the kasigudan which serves as the mean in both decision-making and conflict-resolution. They are also authoritative in the performance of rites to give nature its due or to harmonize the body and soul after an emotional settlement. of disputes. The concept of social justice is reflected in the wilfull performance of their obligation. The focal point of the community’s life patterns is the maintenance of harmony, solidarity and community consciousness. Familial harmony is promoted by practices which dictate kins’ functions towards others. The institution of the batog imposes obligations which are reciprocal in nature to all members. One’s performance of his functions determines how the community responds to him in time of need. To maintain reciprocity, conflict-resoltion is to generally conciliatory, where justice sought is inadequate, the ab-abiik or daw-es is performed for the party concerned the observance of which tempers the concerned not to revenge and leave to the unseen the task of completing the justice due. Whereteh good is aimed for the individual, be it in his work, family life, or the unforeseen future, the appropriate ritual is performed giving nature or the unseen spirits their due share. Although socio-economic inequality is felt in the community, it is balanced by practices which promote socio-economic harmony. The area remains to be an open society. Cash economy had not fully entered to create rigid class distinction that will eventually result to Marxian concept of class conflict. However, the lil effects of cash economy is beginning to be felt in others’ negligence of their obligation. To safeguard the existing beneficial practices institutions, the following are recommended: A study focusing on a critique of the practices and is significant in looking at their relevance to community's concept of the good and just life; the introduction of radical changes can be tempered by an interface study of indigenous practices and institutions and national policies - such help find congruence and conflict of the two. On the practical level, the batog institution including its functions, the tongtong as a means of settling disputes deserve preservation. To those development planner, the practices and institutions are to be tapped in the realization of their project's. Lastly, the schools in the area should take the initiative of teaching the rationale of their practices and institutions so that the young will not lose track of what had been binding the community for long.