Master of Arts in Political Science

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Towards an indigenous political theory for the Kankanaeys of Kayan
(1992-10) Lumsit, Macario T.
A philosophical analysis of the Kankanaeys’ cultural practices and institutions shed light to their concept of the good and just life. This concept is manifested in their indigenous labor practices, land use and management, political institutions which include conflict resolution, and those religious practices which are relevant to land use and management, labor relations, and conflict resolutions. The study covered the two barangays of Kayan considering that they have the same cultural practices data had been gathered using key informant interviews and participant observation. The practices and institutions were analyzed and interpreted within the realm of Aristotle’s, Confucious, Rawls’ philosophy and other relevant liberal philosophies. Kayan’s socio-economic-political practices and institutions can be divided according to themes implicit in them. The promotion of familiar harmony is fostered in the devolution of properties, corporate management of lakun, preference of relatives in the sale and mortgage of lands, practices of gamal and saad where male relatives are called for to assist in laying down the foundation of a kin’s house. Cooperation among the villagers is promoted in the observance of practices which are reciprocal in nature: the agag which is an informal organization of women during the planting and harvesting season; the free labor practices which accomplishes community-oriented projects that are short of funds or unfunded; the ambon, which is the community’s means of reciprocating what a concerned person did in time of death in the community, and; oo which is an obligatory contribution of one or two chupas dependent on the age of the dead person. The cooperation among villagers is further enhanced by: the corporate management of payas solidifying farmers who share the same irrigation canal and who assume the consequential responsibilities; the management of communal forests and pastures and the free usufruct of owned lands balancing socio-economic inequalities among the villagers. On the political plane, the batog institution is maintained to serve the following functions: a.) where community meetings are held b.) where rites are performed c.) where the simana of the day are based for immediate dispatch, and; d.) where conflict-resolution at the agom level is conducted. The concept of justice is reflected in their search for truth and the desire to maintain harmony with their fellowmen and nature. Instrumental in the realization of such are the local leaders who are chosen from the pool of the amam-a, who are looked up to for their wealth of information and adherence to the kasigudan which serves as the mean in both decision-making and conflict-resolution. They are also authoritative in the performance of rites to give nature its due or to harmonize the body and soul after an emotional settlement. of disputes. The concept of social justice is reflected in the wilfull performance of their obligation. The focal point of the community’s life patterns is the maintenance of harmony, solidarity and community consciousness. Familial harmony is promoted by practices which dictate kins’ functions towards others. The institution of the batog imposes obligations which are reciprocal in nature to all members. One’s performance of his functions determines how the community responds to him in time of need. To maintain reciprocity, conflict-resoltion is to generally conciliatory, where justice sought is inadequate, the ab-abiik or daw-es is performed for the party concerned the observance of which tempers the concerned not to revenge and leave to the unseen the task of completing the justice due. Whereteh good is aimed for the individual, be it in his work, family life, or the unforeseen future, the appropriate ritual is performed giving nature or the unseen spirits their due share. Although socio-economic inequality is felt in the community, it is balanced by practices which promote socio-economic harmony. The area remains to be an open society. Cash economy had not fully entered to create rigid class distinction that will eventually result to Marxian concept of class conflict. However, the lil effects of cash economy is beginning to be felt in others’ negligence of their obligation. To safeguard the existing beneficial practices institutions, the following are recommended: A study focusing on a critique of the practices and is significant in looking at their relevance to community's concept of the good and just life; the introduction of radical changes can be tempered by an interface study of indigenous practices and institutions and national policies - such help find congruence and conflict of the two. On the practical level, the batog institution including its functions, the tongtong as a means of settling disputes deserve preservation. To those development planner, the practices and institutions are to be tapped in the realization of their project's. Lastly, the schools in the area should take the initiative of teaching the rationale of their practices and institutions so that the young will not lose track of what had been binding the community for long.
Clientelism and electoral politics: A case study of the local government of Mangatarem
(1994-07) Masaoay, Sonia G.
This is a case study of politics in Mangatarem, Pangasinan in specific electoral periods: 1963, 1967q 1971 and 1980 focusinq on the leadership strategies of Jorge C. Mendoza who won in the aforementioned years and was able to hold on to power for twenty two uninterrupted years. As far as evidence in this study is concerned, mayor Mendoza resorted to clientelism in the form of personalistic benefits and patronage practices. The key informant interviewing was employed in this study and the respondents were determined based on McCall's and Simmons' snowball sampling. Mangatarem’s electoral politics and Mendoza's leadership strategies were analyzed in the light of Lande's theory of clientelism. Mangatarem's electoral politics was marked by the reciprocal relationships between the voters and the leader. During elections, voters give preference to a person with whom they have some special connection or from whom they expect to retain employment, public work benefits or other forms of material incentives. Once elected, the leader will have to continue dispensing favors to his supporters in order to be elected in the future elections. Evidences in this study reveal that two factors are responsible for Mendoza' s ability to win in four election periods namely; clientelism and his leadership qualities. Clientelist or pate. Yage practices were not alien to the townspeople since they were resorted to by the mayor's predecessors. Clientelism took various forms like clientelism by “issue bandwagoning”, clientelism by persona patronage and clientelism by charisma. Clientelism by "issue bandwagoning" was a strategy wherein the mayor, in his desire to gain the peoples' mandate sensationalized issues or problems and attacked his opponents' inability to solve the same. On the other hand, he depicted himself as the man who could cure such problems. Jorge Mendoza also employed clientelism by personal patronage, which was characterized by his skillful ability to dispense favors, jobs, aids and beneficial projects such as feeder roads and bridges to his constituents. The voters in turn expressed their debt of gratitude to Mendoza through their unwavering loyalty and support during elections. Alongside these, the mayor was also judged according to his leadership qualities and his ability to maintain smooth interpersonal relationship (SIR) with the people and this could be labeled as clientelism by charisma. In a rural community like Mangatarem, the voters put premium on smooth interpersonal relations as well as the humility and good naturedness of the leader. Finally, SIR in the form of friendly words, good gestures, and the avoidance to hurt the feelings of others governed the relationship between the leader and his constituents. Clientelism, which involves the allocation of patronage resources by the leader to his constituents, still a very important factor in the choice of a leader. A leader seeking another term must maintain his image as a patron who is expected to render assistance in times of the peoples' needs, be it personal family problems or public exigencies. Lest he be forgotten by his constituents, the leader must give priority to infrastructure projects in order to leave a lasting impression upon the people. This strategy was more prevalent in the rural areas like Mangatarem because of the farmers' dependency upon the landlords who also maintained the image of patrons and as such had seeped through the mainstream of local politics. Furthermore, the voters choice of leader also hinged on their socio-economic status. Since the leader was seen primarily as a dispenser of jobs, those who belong to the lower class have the tendency to consider candidates who could uplift their living conditions. This voting behavior showed the Filipinos' personalistic orientations during elections. Leadership selection is a very important political exercise and as such it must be anchored on the capabilities of the candidates to lead the people. Mayor Mendoza was able to hold on to power because of patronage politics and the personalistic benefits he had granted to his constituents. Since these practices have corruptive effects, the following are recommended: an in-depth study on the ill effects of patronage practices in various places of the country both at the local and national levels must be conducted. Efforts must also be exerted toward=, voter' conscientization so that they may know the true essence of elect ions. Conscientization carries with it a political awareness from the people that leaders are dispensers of duties, not favors. Seminars of this kind could be a joint effort of the government and non-government organizations which must be launched at the national and local levels prior to every election. Moreover, academicians, social and political scientists must also take part in conscientizing the voters since they possess the necessary tools, scholarly training and research skills. Lastly, in order to minimize the corruptive effects of patronage practices, Philippine election laws must be strictly implemented and observed by the voters and the candidates respectively.
Factors in the political participation of college students
(1997-02) Martinez, Brenda Cruz
This study focused on the participation of college students in the political process. Officers of the supreme student government were chosen as respondents since they were perceived to be more active in politics than the other students, electoral activity and voting behavior were the indices used to measure political participation. The influence of the family or parental influence and mass media exposure were measured to find out how they affected the political participation of a respondent. Questionnaires were given to officers of the Supreme Student Government of the different schools in Baguio City. Before the data were treated, the method of summation was used in order to know the real score of each item in the questionnaire. Percentage difference was then used to know the relationship between political participation as the dependent variable and mass media exposure and parental influence as the independent variables, respectively. Test variables included age, gender, type of community respondent is from, course and year level. There is no significant relationship between political participation and parental influence; the Faine is true with the relationship between politic81 participation and mass media exposure. However, if test variables are introduced in determining their relationship, then there would be a considerable change in their relationship. Using year level as a test variable between political participation and parental influence yielded an insignificant relationship. Gender, age, course and type of community respondent is from provided a significant relationship between the two variables mentioned above. Gender, year level and course as test variables gave a significant relationship between political participation and mass media exposure; age and type of community did not affect the relationship of the dependent and independent variables. Parental influence and mass media exposure can be considered as factors of political participation only If test variables are introduced in determining the relationship between the former variables. Gender, age, course and type of community affect the relationship between political participation and parental influence; gender, year level and course affect the relationship between mass media exposure and political participation. Gender is a test variable which affects the relationship both between parental influence and political participation and mass media exposure and political participation. This is specially true in the case of “females.” It is therefore highly recommended that organizers of NGs, especially women groups, take measures to make women more aware of their role in politics. This can even lead to the realization of a women’s vote in the future. A voters education program may be set up by the government to raise the political awareness of the people. The youth should be trained on their civic, communal and political rights and duties. People’s groups can be organized to present issues which can be done hand in hand with mass media.
Performance of executive powers among punong barangays in Benguet
(1997-03) Bacuso, Malcom P.
The study is focused on the presentation and analysis' of the performance level of powers and functions among punong barangays in Benguet. Along this line, the problems encountered in the performance of powers and functions were identified. The foregoing areas considered, their corresponding implications on local governance were brought out. The study sought to present the performance :level of executive powers among punong barangays in Benguet. Specifically, the study is concerned with the questions: What is the performance level of executive powers of the punong barangays in: a. agricultural barangays, and b. non-agricultural barangays? What are the problems encountered in the performance of powers by the punong barangays in a. agricultural barangays, and b. non-agricultural barangays? 3. Is there a significant difference between the performance level and the problems encountered by the punong barangays in agricultural and non-agricultural barangays in the following areas: a. enforcement of laws; b. delivery of basic services; c. cooperative undertakings; d. preparation of budget; e. human resource development; f. local legislation, and g. judicial administration? The study covered 40 punong barangays as respondents. They are classified into two categories: agricultural punong barangays (35) and non-agricultural punong barangays (5). Data had been gathered using performance checklists, self-administered questionnaires and, interviews. The performance of powers and the problems encountered thereon were presented and analyzed within the purview of R.A. 7160 respecting the barangays. The data gathered were treated using statistical tools like frequency counts and ranking. The same data were further tested using t-test and Friedman Rank Test. The performance level of powers by the punong barangays is descriptively average. This is true in both agricultural and non-agricultural barangays. Specifically, the punong,; barangays are moderately low in the enforcement of laws. cooperative undertakings, human resource development and local legislation. But they are above average in the delivery of basic services, preparation of budget and judicial administration. The top most problems encountered by the punong barangays in the perfcTmance of their powers are inadequacy of funds and resources, inadequacy of training and expertise, lack of support from the higher levels of government and from the residents. These problems are present in both groups of harangays. In particular, inadequacy of funds is the outstanding problem. The data gathered and analyzed in this study disclosed the following conclusions: 1. The performance level of executive powers in both agricultural and non-agricultural barangays is the same. Hence, the economic status of the barangays does not affect the performance of powers. 2. Except in the area of human resource development, the problems encountered by the punong barangays in the performance of powers are the same in both categories of barangays. Therefore, the economic condition of the barangays is immaterial to the performance of powers. 3. There is no significant difference between the performance level and the problems encountered by the punong barangays in agricultural and non-agricultural barangays, except in human resource development insofar as the problems are concerned. 4. Inadequacy of funds is a major problem in the governance of the barangays. Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered: 1. There is a need to upgrade and improve the performance level of powers by the punong barangays in Benguet, specifically in the areas of enforcement of laws, cooperative undertakings, human resource development and barangay legislation. 2. There is a need to increase the financial resources of the barangay government so that the punong barangays will perform their powers and functions more effectively. 3. Similarly there is a necessity to improve and enhance the linkages between and among barangay governments, other LGUs, NGOs and POs. 4. Finally, there is a need to upgrade the knowledge of the punong barangays in local governance. The study is limited to the descriptive analysis of the performance level of executive powers and the Problems encountered thereon by the punong barangays. Therefore, the following are recommended areas for further study: 1. Performance of legislative powers and the problems encountered thereon by the members Of the sangguniang barangays. 2. Performance of powers and functions and the problems encountered by appointive barangay officials like the secretary and treasurer. 3. Performance of powers in the barangays of other provinces particularly in the Cordilleras. 4. Overall administrative capability of the barangay governments to deliver basic services.
The political socialization of senior political science in three selected schools of Baguio City
(1998-08) De Leon, Henry Palaganas
This is a comparative survey study on the political socialization of senior Political Science students from Baguio Colleges Foundation, Saint Louis University and University of the Philippines College in Baguio. The political socialization embraced the students' reading and viewing interests as well as their preferences and participation in school organizations and community endeavors. In this descriptive-survey study, the questionnaire checklist was utilized to obtain the vital responses of the students. The data gathered were analyzed and interpreted using statistical aids like the Friedman two- way analysis of variance by ranks, the average weighted value based on the Likert's scale, the three-group analysis of variance (F--test) and t-test. From the data presented and analyzed, the following are the findings: 1. As to articles wherein a majority of the students in a school alternatively have interest vis-a-vis apolitical subject matters, there are those which pertain to the Philippine Stock Exchange, price increase housing problems, prostitution, Euthanasia Law, child prostitution and Daily Gospel. 2. There are five cases in this research wherein a majority of students of the three schools (BCF, SLU and UPCB) concur in reading interest 3. There were no significant differences in the reading and viewing interests of the students from the three schools. 4. There were no significant differences in the preferences and participation of students in school organizations. 5. BCF and SLU students have more or less the same interest in five enumerated activities based on the ranking order. SLU and UPCB students were common in the interest of viewing films portraying political realities again based on the rank order. Surprisingly, there is no common activity showing the interest of the BCF and UPCB students. In the light of the findings of this study, the following conclusions are made: 1. There are variations when it comes to internal activities referring to participating in electoral exercises, attending seminars, fora and dialogues, assemblies of students, rallies and interaction with student leaders. 2. Concerning listening and viewing television programs and films, the students have similar interest. 3. Anent the reading interest of the students, the study revealed that the respondents have similar propensities. 4. There are no variations with regard activities which require attendance in Sangguniang Kabataan programs and attendance in barangay and City Hall sessions. 5. Activities indulged in by respondents are similar. 6. There are common internal activities of students of BCF, SLU and UPCB when compared with each other. 7. Taking both the students of UPCB and BCF and analyzing their interest in internal activities, the research showed that there was no significant difference. Hence, hypothesis number 7 is consequently rejected. 8. Comparing the students of UPCB and SLU students with regard internal activities, the research revealed that their activities vary. Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered: 1. Since it is observed that many political science students are influenced largely and indirectly by their reading of newspapers, magazines and other literature, it would be better if they will actively be exposed and involved meaningfully with people in their schools like in the Pamunuan, Kalipunan and student assemblies. The political knowledge of the students must be enriched and reinforced with community-based experience like those related with the Sangguniang Kabataan, activities associated with their municipality, barangay or puroks. 2. It is imperative that the political science students must be active members of the Sangguniang Kabataang (SK). They must allocate some time in attending seminars, meetings and participating in community projects. In doing so, they will develop their self-esteem and their participation in civic life can make a difference. 1. The schools, through the teachers, should exert effort to develop in the students an analytical and inquiring mode of television viewing which will develop in them a feeling of stewardship for the future and intelligent management of public affairs. In advance, the instructor should purposely watch the television within a period of two weeks and take note of the topics for discussion that are related currently in the class. And thereafter, the instructor would relay the said announcements to the class in anticipation of this program and require them to watch and react on the views and statements of the different speakers. 4. The curriculum of the Bachelor of Arts course major in Political Science should incorporate more civic education, which includes a supervised practicum, or fieldwork wherein the students will be able to develop their skills of participation in civic life, and improve their civic competence. In school directed community experiences, students should be associated heterogeneously. This requirement should be met by supervised community action-oriented volunteer service projects in municipal departments, courts, or any other socially and politically valuable area. Community service experience should be related to work in the classroom and monitored by teaching personnel. 5. The SLU Political Science students should be given more opportunities to plan and organize educational fora and dialogues to be aware of major social and political trends. 6. To be more effective in guiding student learning, the Political Science teachers must have actual experience in community projects to be able to impart knowledge of political realities and also skills (public human relations, negotiation, bargaining, and communication) in a democratic society. 7. For future studies, the researcher is suggesting that further studies be explored relating to political socialization specifically a province in the Cordilleras.
Political climate and student activism in selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City, 1997-1998
(1999-03) Taliping, Mary Jane B.
The study evaluated the influence of political climate on student leaders' activism among selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the school year 1997-1998. It analyzed the degree of influence and difference of degree of influence of the factors of political climate namely, campus issues or problems, community issues or problems and ideology of student movements. It likewise investigated the extent of achievement of the aims of student activism in promoting socio-political consciousness, promoting better interpersonal relations between teachers and students; reconciling administrative policies and student demands; introducing reforms in the institution; and furthering community involvement. The descriptive-evaluative method was utilized using the descriptive-survey technique. 1. Political climate was very influential on student leaders' activism in selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the academic year 1997-1998. 2. The student leader activists significantly achieved in the promotion of socio-political consciousness, reconciliation of administrative policies and student demands, introduction of reforms in the institution and furtherance of community involvement. 3. There is a significant difference of the factors of political climate only in terms of quantitative value. 1. Ideology is very influential on student leaders' activism among selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the school year 1997-1998. 2. Student leader activists are more focused in the promotion of socio-political consciousness and furtherance of community involvement. 3. Ideology is significantly higher than the other factors of political climate. 1. The administration to pay careful attention to politics and decision-making and interact with student leader activists through serious minded and intellectual dialogues without being too quick in disregarding their emotional stances. 2. The faculty to unceaselessly ideologize students on the rule of law which is in layman's language, is the rule of fair play. 3. The student leaders to: a. promote socio-political consciousness to expose the illnesses of the society in search for remedies. b. promote better interpersonal relations between teachers and students with due consideration of the proper representatives of the educational institution to whom the educator sought employment. c. reconcile administrative policies and student demands by exhausting all reasonable and lawful means with the objective of entering to an agreement with school administrators which will be beneficial.to the institution as a whole. d. introduce reforms in the institution always with the backings or support of the elders within the institution and not with the proddings of other interest groups in the community. e. further community involvement by eyeing at more attentively on the issues or problems within the locality before undertaking regional or national issues or problems. f. systematize the filing of records of the ideologically oriented student movements and student councils for assessment of performances after an academic year. g. broaden the definition of campus repression to include not only suppression of students' basic rights by the school administration but also acts of prevention by student leader activists in the exercise of fundamental rights of non-striking students to education, due process and academic freedom. 4. The students not to be blinded by "false" activists hiding under the cloak of "personal interests". 5. The future researches on: a. Document analysis of ideologically oriented movements. b. Alliances of student movements with other support groups. c. Comparative study on student activism between state-owned and private (sectarian and non-sectarian) tertiary institutions. d. Repetition of the study using both student leaders and followers as respondents with the same variables. e. Qualitative research that would focus on the behavioral aspect of student activists. f. Analysis of the profile of student leader activists based on age, number of years as an activist, number of years as a student, organizational rank and academic affiliations.
An evaluation on the exercise of political rights among electorate in Balaoan, La Union
(1999-05) Casiano, Marife Mendoza
The citizens become power holders through the exercise Of their political rights such as right of suffrage in terms of election and initiative, right to form and join associations and right to information on matters of public concern. Through these, they are able to hold government officials accountable and they are able to express their needs and sentiments to the government. The citizens’ exercise of these rights, however, may vary depending on their socio-economic status and religious affiliation. They may also be prevented by some causes thereby hindering them from effectively exercising their rights. The study presented a description, comparison, analysis and evaluation on the exercise of political rights among electorate in Balaoan, La Union. It answered the following specific problems: 1. To what extent do the electorate exercise their political rights along the following dimensions: a. Right of suffrage in terms of election, b. Right of suffrage in terms of initiative, c. Right to form and join associations, d. Right to information on matters of public concern? 2. How do the exercises of political rights compare when the respondents are grouped according to: a. Socio-economic status, a.1) Income a.2) Educational attainment a.3) Occupation b. Religious affiliation? 3. To what extent do specified causes prevent the exercise of political rights? To answer the problems, the study used descriptive .method particularly descriptive-evaluative design. It utilized 390 sample population from among the electorate in Balaoan, La Union. This was determined through random sampling specifically lottery sampling technique without replacement method. Data were obtained mainly through the questionnaire. The data obtained were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted with statistical tools such as weighted means, t-test, F-test/ One-Way Analysis of Variance and Scheffe method. The findings of the study were the following. 1. The right of suffrage in terms of election is sometimes exercised by the electorate. Voting an educationally qualified candidate is exercised the most while conducting election boycott is the least exercised activity. The right of suffrage in terms of initiative is sometimes exercised by the electorate. The most exercised activity is identifying locally felt needs and problems while proposing amendments to the Constitution is the least exercised. The right to form and join associations is sometimes exercised by the electorate. Joining public organizations is exercised the most while organizing associations is the least exercised activity. The right to information on matters of public concern is sometimes exercised by the electorate. The most exercised activity is questioning rationale of government projects while securing document of any kind from government employees is the least exercised. 2. Income groups do not differ significantly in the exercise of political rights. The statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the respondents grouped according to educational attainment in the exercise of political rights. There is no significant difference in the exercise of political rights among electorate grouped according to occupation. The respondents grouped according to religious affiliation differed significantly in the exercise of right to form and join associations. The Mormon group differed significantly from the other religious groups. However, the statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the respondents in the exercise of the other political rights. 3. The exercise of right of suffrage in terms of election is moderately prevented by the specified causes. The non-significance of election ranked number 1 and the people's lack of interest ranked number 10. The exercise of right of suffrage in terms of initiative is moderately prevented by the specified causes. Ideas are not given importance ranked number 1 while fear of incurring enemies ranked number 10. The specified causes moderately prevent the exercise of right to form and join associations. High fees are collected and members are not encouraged to participate in government activities ranked number 10. The specified causes moderately prevent the exercise of right to information on matters of public concern. Belief that no justice is served on irregularities ranked number 1 while lack of time ranked number 10. Based on the major findings, the study arrived at the following conclusions: A. The electorate in Balaoan, La Union less effectively exercise their political rights. They have the tendency to exhibit subject political culture. B. There is no power struggle between the haves and have nots. They do not consider money as a potential source of power that could enhance the exercise of their rights. Education does not play a big role in elevating the people's level of awareness of their rights. However, the electors, regardless of educational attainment, are still inclined to exercise their rights if their welfare is at stake. The electorate, regardless of occupation, exercise their rights if it is cost- effective. They act positively if the perceived benefits outweigh the perceived costs. Minority religious groups that are managed by non-Filipinos tend to be more politically active in order to compensate for their status. C. The people exhibit a moderate sense of political efficacy. They are not fully confident of their ability to significantly influence government affairs. The recommendations of the study include the following: 1. The government must initiate a program on political socialization in order to create and promote desirable values and attitudes conducive to participatory democracy particularly in the exercise of political rights. It must initiate campaign to educate the people about their rights and stir them top political activism. 2. A municipal library may also be maintained where important information regarding the activities of the municipality may be showcased so that the people will he encouraged to support the endeavors of the municipality. 3. The local government may also conduct an intensive information campaign regarding the activities of the municipality for the people to support the local government. 4. The organization of the Barangay Development Council as provided in RA 7160 must he strengthened and made visible in order to organize task forces to promote citizen participation in local governance. 5. Researchers may conduct studies on the exercise of political rights among indigenous people to know whether constitutional mandates can effectively co-exist with traditional institutions.
The economic status of Muslim migrants in Baguio City
(2001-05) Dayucos, John Rey Rigos
This study is concerned with the economic status of the Muslim migrants in Baguio City. It sought to study the productivity of the economic activities of the Muslim migrants, the dependence of the migrants to the sources of their capital, the adequacy of the sources of their capital and the effectiveness of the strategies the respondents used in addressing the problems they encountered caused by the presence of the increasing number of big business establishments in Baguio City. This present study was limited only to the Muslim migrants who are engaged in their economic activities in the City of Baguio for five to ten years. The respondents of this present study were taken purposively. The data were gathered primarily through questionnaires administered to the respondents supplemented by the writer's personal interaction with the respondents and officers of the Office of Muslim Affairs. The data gathered were tabulated and treated through the use of statistical tools such as frequency counts, weighted mean and percent-title. From the analyses and interpretation of the data concerning the Muslim migrants' economic activities, daily gross income and daily savings, properties acquired, problems encountered and the strategies to remedy such problems, the followings findings were obtained; 1. The economic activities of Muslim migrants are a) Sidewalk vending, b) Banketa business, c) Street peddling, d) Consignment and e) Money lending. b. The economic activities of Muslim migrants were found to be slightly productive in the following aspects a. The mean of previous daily gross income for Group A was P452.44 but at present it is P352.44,and this shows a difference of P100. The mean of previous daily gross income for Group B was P403.85 but at present it is P308.20,and this shows a difference of P95.65. Both groups' daily gross income is in a declining trend. b. The properties or appliances acquired by the Muslim migrants in Baguio City include television sets, VHS or VCD players, telephone sets or cellular phones, karaokes, refrigerators, washing machines, sala sets, bank savings, educational plans, and cooking utensils. The market value of each of these properties or appliances ranges from P6,000 to P25, 000. 3. The dependence of Muslim migrants or their sources of capital were identified with the following degrees: a. The respondents who depend on loans are very dependent on it because they resort to it very often; and b. The respondents who depend on informal loans are dependent because they resort to it often. 4. The degree of adequacy of Muslim migrants' sources are identifies thus: a. For Group A, the sources of their capital are considered moderately adequate. b. For Group B, the sources of their capital are also considered moderately adequate. 5. The degree of the effects of the increasing number of big business establishments in Baguio City on the economic activities of Muslim migrants are moderate. 6. The extent of the effectiveness of the following strategies used by Muslim migrants to address the consequences brought by the increasing number of big business establishments in Baguio city are alternating techniques of selling which are considered less effective, changing the nature of sales which is considered less effective and engagement in other economic activities which is considered not effective. The findings deduced from the analysis and interpretations of data enabled the researcher to arrive at the following conclusions: 1. Sidewalk vending is the most preferred economic activity of the Muslim migrants in Baguio City and remains as the most favorable and profitable for the vendors up to this time. 2. The productiveness of the economic activities of Muslim migrants in Baguio City is minimal and declining. 3. Both formal and informal loans are the primary sources of Muslim migrants' capital. 4. The sources of capital of Muslim migrants in Baguio City are sufficient. 5. The presence of big business establishments in Baguio City did not cause strong effects to the daily income of Muslim migrants in Baguio City. 6. The strategies used by the Muslim migrants are not enough to solve their problems. Based on the foregoing results, the following recommendations are hereby forwarded to Improve the economic status of Muslim migrants in Baguio City: 1. The Muslim migrants in Baguio City should learn more livelihood projects offered by the DSWD in Baguio City such as manufacturing handicrafts for tourists like wall decors, ethnic designs and woodcarvings because these are the products look for by the tourists in the City of Baguio. 2. The Muslim migrants need to improve their way of conducting their economic activities by making it more presentable, more creative by putting fixed but reasonable prices for every item displayed as part of attracting more customers. 3. The Muslim migrants should also aspire to acquire properties such as house and lot for more permanent and decent dwelling and educational plans for their children as part of insuring them a better future. Through education, their children will have the chance to be more economically stable than they are who are engaged in the shadow economy. 4. The Muslim migrants should apply for Social Security System (SSS) as self-employed members in order to avail of the benefits, loans and assistance in the future offered by SSS to all qualified members. They should broaden also the membership coverage of their existing "paluwagan" system for bigger remittances and financial aid for an individual member. 5. Despite the moderate adequacy of the Muslim migrants' sources of capital, they still need to have alternative sources of capital like their SSS membership and "paluwagan" membership in case their primary source of capital fails to provide them financial needs. 6. Though the effects of increasing big business establishments in Baguio City are considered moderate by the Muslim migrants, still they should come up with possible remedies or solutions in order to prepare themselves for the stronger effects these upcoming business establishments will have on their economic activities. For instance, they should start working on the legalization of their operations to insure their right to equal protection of the laws in case rivalry between the informal and formal sectors can not be avoided. 7. The strategies used by the Muslim migrants in addressing the problems they are encountering were found to be less effective and some were not effective at all. For this, the researcher proposes that there should be a program to be undertaken by the barangay concerned or the City government of Baguio in coordination with the Office of Muslim Affairs. There should be quarterly seminars for Muslim migrants regarding the strategies on how to conduct their economic activities more productively within the bounds of the City government's existing policies.
Dispute processing under the katarungang pambarangay in La Trinidad, Benguet
(2001-05) Dullona, Eloisa Madariaga
Barangay justice reflects the Filipino tradition of amicably settling disputes to preserve peace and harmony in the community. The Katarungang Pambarangay Law is the manifestation of this aspiration. The major purpose of this study was to assess dispute processing under the Katarungang Pambarangay Law in the Municipality of La Trinidad, Province of Benguet. Specifically, answers to the following problems were sought: 1. What is the level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa in: a. Procedures in Amicable Settlement b. Jurisdiction 2. what is the degree of seriousness of the problems encountered in dispute processing? 3. What is the success rate in: a. Decongestion of Court Dockets b. Settlement of Court Referrals. The study made use of the descriptive-survey method of research with survey questionnaires as data gathering tools. The respondents were the 133 lupon members of the 10 Lupong Tagapamayapa of La Trinidad, Benguet. The weighted mean, frequency and percentage rating, and standard deviation were used in the treatment of data. The findings of the study are as follows: 1.a.1.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on commencement of the settlement of a dispute was described as "always comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on the commencement of the settlement of a dispute were described as "always comply" except the provision on the payment of filing fees. The level of compliance of the lupon to the provision on the payment of filing fees was described as "often comply." 1.a.2.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on notifying the disputants was described as "often comply." The provisions on notifying the disputants generally earned a level of compliance described as "always and often comply." However, the provision involving the filing of a motion at the Municipal Trial Court earned a level of compliance described as "seldom comply." 1.a.3. The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on conciliation proceedings was described as "often comply." The provisions on conciliation proceedings generally earned a level of compliance described as "always and often comply." However, the provision initiating a prosecution of perjury against any one of the disputants who repudiates the agreement earned a level of compliance described as "seldom comply." 1.a.4.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on arbitration proceedings was described as "often comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on arbitration proceedings were described as "often comply" except the provision on the signing of arbitration awards. The level of compliance of the lupon to the provision on the signing of arbitration awards was described as "always comply." 1.a.5. The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on the constitution of the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo was "often comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on the constitution of the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo was described as "often comply." 1.b. The study showed that cases involving Estafa, Theft, Altering Land Boundaries, Slight Physical Injuries, Robbery and Unjust Vexation were ranked highly by the lupon members as cases they have encountered and handled during their term. However, the study also showed that the lupon members also settle private crimes, and cases involving grave threats, grave physical injuries, attempted/frustrated homicide and murder, homicide, and, reckless imprudence resulting to grave physical injuries and homicide. 2. The Lupong Tagapamayapa of La Trinidad, Benguet perceived the problems they encountered in dispute processing as "moderately serious". The problems encountered in dispute processing generally earned a degree of seriousness described as "moderately and not serious." However, the problem on the lack of financial incentives for lupon members earned a degree of seriousness described as "serious." 3.a The Lupong Tagapamayapa was 87.98% successful in decongesting the court dockets by settling 732 cases out of the total 832 cases filed before the Barangay Court. 3.b The Lupong Tagapamayapa was 50.57% successful in settling court referrals by settling 44 cases out of the total 87 cases referred to the Barangay Court. Based on the findings, the following conclusions were made: 1.a. The Lupong Tagapamayapa often complied with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement. b. The Lupong Tagapamayapa did not comply with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on case jurisdiction. 2. The problems encountered by the Lupong Tagapamayapa were perceived as "moderately serious" to have affected dispute processing in La Trinidad, Benguet. 3.a. The Lupong Tagapamayapa was successful in decongesting the court dockets. b. The Lupong Tagapamayapa was moderately successful in settling court referrals. The following recommendations are forwarded: 1. For the Department of the Interior and Local Government to propose amendments to the Katarungang Pambarangay Law regarding a clear distinction among conciliation, mediation and arbitration; to review the case jurisdiction of the Lupong Tagapamayapa; and to give additional means of evaluation to check the proper implementation of the law; and other kinds of incentives for the lupon members. 2. For the local government of La Trinidad, Benguet, the Department of Justice and the Department of the Interior and Local Government to conduct orientation-workshops on the actual conduct of an amicable settlement and on case jurisdiction of the Lupong Tagapamayapa. 3. For a study to be conducted to focus on the compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa on Case Jurisdiction in order to validate the findings of this study, to evaluate the success of the lupon in settling these cases, and to propose a listing of cases to be included or excluded in the lupons' case jurisdiction. 4. A replication of the study be undertaken in consideration to various factors, among others, urban and rural differentials and the quality of justice dispensed by the Lupong Tagapamayapa.
Political knowledge and political attitude as factors of political participation of the police non-commission officers in Baguio City
(2003-04) Caburian, Jemuel Demot
Assessing the political socialization of the police officers is very important in determining whether or not it is designed to enhance their public accountability and professionalism in the service. Part of this evaluation is to analyze certain attributes of political socialization like political knowledge, political attitude and political participation. This study aimed to evaluate how the political knowledge and political attitude of the respondent Police Non-Commissioned Officers (PNCOs) were related with their political participation. These specific problems were answered in this study: 1. What is the extent of respondents' political knowledge in terms of gender and rank 2. What is the extent of respondents' political attitude in terms of gender and rank? 3. What is the degree of relationship between the respondents' political knowledge and political participation when moderated by gender and rank? 4. What is the degree of relationship between the respondents' political attitude and political participation when moderated by gender and rank? The researcher made use of the purposive sampling technique in recruiting the respondents. The primary data gathering instrument that was utilized was the constructed opinionnaire-checklist. This study used the descriptive-correlational method of research. In treating the data, the weighted mean was used to measure the respondents' extent of political knowledge, political attitude, and political participation in terms of gender and rank. The coefficient of correlation (Pearson r) was used to determine the degree of relationship between the respondents' political knowledge and political participation when moderated by gender and rank, and the degree of relationship between their political attitude and political participation when moderated by the same dimensions. These were the salient findings of this study: 1. Male and Female PNCOs have "high" and "moderate" extent of political knowledge respectively. On the other hand, there is a "high" and "moderate" extent of political knowledge among the junior and senior PNCOs respectively. 2. The PNCOs from both gender and rank have an "unfavorable" political attitude. 3. The following were the findings on the correlation between political knowledge and political participation of the PNCOs when moderated by gender and rank: a. Very low positive correlation exists between political knowledge and electoral-related practices among the male PNCOs. A high positive correlation exists between the same variables among the female PNCOs. b. Low positive correlation exists between the political knowledge and community involvement among the male and female PNCOs. c. Low positive correlation exists between political knowledge and electoral-related practices among the junior PNCOs. A very low negative correlation exists between the same variables among the senior PNCOs. d. Low positive correlation exists between political knowledge and community involvement among the junior PNCOs. A very low positive correlation exists between the same variables among the senior PNCOs. 4. Findings regarding the correlation between the political attitude and political participation of the PNCOs when moderated by gender and rank were the following: a. Very low negative correlation exists between political attitude and electoral-related practices among the male PNCOs. A very low positive correlation exists between the same variables among the female PNCOs. b. A very low positive correlation exists between political attitude and community involvement among the male and female PNCOs. c. Very low positive correlation exists between political attitude and electoral-related practices among the junior PNCOs. A low negative correlation exists between the same variables among the senior PNCOs. d. Very low negative correlation exists between political attitude and community involvement among the junior PNCOs. A low positive correlation exists between the same variables among the senior PNCOs. Based on the findings, these conclusions were drawn: 1. The PNCOs are politically knowledgeable regardless of their gender and rank. 2. Politics is viewed or perceived negatively by the PNCOs from both gender and rank. 3. Gender is a moderating variable in the relationship between political knowledge and political participation, while rank is not. 4. Gender and rank are not moderating variables in the relationship between political attitude and political participation. This study presents the following recommendations: 1. As part of the political and legal education of the PNCOs, the Baguio City Police Office should provide regular seminars, forums, conferences, and the like. The foci of these activities are the recent legislations and court decisions and their related issues that have something to do with policing. This is to keep them abreast with the new laws and jurisprudences. Likewise, it may be through these activities that could make them appreciate these new laws and jurisprudences. Moreover, if possible the Baguio City Police Office may encourage its personnel to pursue higher studies like graduate or law courses. 2. In view of the political attitude of the PNCOs, the Baguio City Police Office (BCPO) should adopt measures to enhance their (PNCOs) morale and benefits. In this regard, one thing that the BCPO can do is to have its own reward system. It could set up an award-giving body that is designed to give regular (monthly or quarterly) special awards, which are not usually given by the PNP to police personnel. The BCPO could tap the support of 'the NGOs (clubs, Foundations, etc.) and the Local Government of the city for the realization of this program. 3. The desired ethical behavior and benefits of the police officers must be expressly provided in the Magna Carta for the Police, should the Congress take necessary action for its legislation. Related to this, commanding officers of the PNP, in consultation with their respective subordinates, may prepare a list of these benefits to be included in the said legislation. In the BCPO, a certain committee may be created to gather, organize, and reconcile the listed benefits. It may be the task of the same committee to prepare a formal document for that matter. 4. The police force should remain under the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). This is to maintain its civilian character. However, the local chief executives who exercise operational control and supervision over the police forces assigned in their areas should not interfere in purely police matters. Their function to recommend the appointment of the chiefs of police should not be misused for their political expediency. The police officers assigned in their areas should not be used for their own political purposes. For instance, they should not be used as their campaign managers during elections, personal/party poll-watchers, or personal bodyguards. These prohibitions are necessary to maintain the apolitical status and professionalism of the police. 5. To further enhance the policewomen's active, efficient and effective participation in the realization of the Community Oriented Policing System (COPS) in Baguio City, their number in the Baguio City Police Office should be increased. The BCPO or the PNP should have its information drive as to the need of increasing women's enlistment in the police force. In addition, to encourage women to enter police pre-service courses the National Government or the concerned Local Government may provide scholarship grants for those who are interested and qualified. 6. The community involvement of the PNCOs with the participation, coordination or cooperation of non-government organizations (i.e. civic clubs, organizations, or foundations), barangays, and other government agencies must be encouraged at the Baguio City Police Office. With this, it should be the function of the commanding officers of the BCPO to establish linkages with them. 7. A replication of this study may be made to explore and evaluate the other variables or factors that may affect the police officers' political participation. Another study may be conducted to other police offices. A separate research regarding other dimensions of political socialization or political participation may also be conducted to other organizations, institutions or groups of persons like the military, educators, cadets, and public officials.
Factors influencing the selection of branch of service by the Philippine Military Academy cadets
(2003-09) Ramos, Francisco Tandog
Unlike other service academies, Philippine Military Academy(PMA) produces regular officers who are distributed in the three major service branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) namely: Philippine Army(PA), Philippine Navy(PN), and Philippine Air Force(PAF). The distribution of officers in the different branches of service is done while they are still cadets and on the basis of cadets' preference .However, due to the quota set forth by higher headquarters for the number of cadets joining in each branch of service, the proportional distribution of cadets in the different branch of service is not realized. Knowing and understanding the various factors and their influence on the selection of branch of service is important in improving the distribution of cadets in the different branches of the AFP. Improved recruitment policies that capitalize on the perceived factors may balance the distribution of cadets on the basis of their preferences. This study aimed to find out the factors that influence the selection of branch of service by the cadets of Philippine Military Academy. The specific problems answered in the study were: 1. What are the factors that influence the selection of branch of service of cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005? 2. What is the extent of influence of the following factors to the members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 with regard to the selection of their branches of service? a. social b. economic c. personality 3. How do the following factors, social, economic, and personality differ as to their influence on the selection of branch of service of the cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005 when grouped according to: a. age b. ethnicity 4. How does the selection of branch of service differ according to: a. age b. ethnicity c. gender The study made use of the descriptive survey method of research. Survey questionnaires coupled with Informal interviews were used as data gathering tools. The study was conducted among the entire members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005. Frequency counts, ranking, weighted mean, t-test, one way analysis of variance and Chi-square test were used in the treatment of data. Spearman's rank correlation and Kendall coefficient concordance were also used to measure the association of ranked factors. The following were the major findings of the study: 1. The main social factors influencing the selection of branch of service of cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005 were inspiration from somebody who is from the same branch of service, prestige, and unique socio-cultural tradition of the service. On economic factors, both classes shared two identical factors. One is a stable and more secure means to support their family and the other is wide range of opportunities when the cadets go out of the service. Class 2004 chose easier access to monitor and support their family as one factor while class 2005 identified attractive fringe benefits as the other factor. As far as personality factors, both classes mentioned managerial/leadership interest and competence, service to society, and thrill on field life and experience as the most influential factors. 2. Social factors had less influence on the selection of branch of service by cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005; economic factors had strong influence on those who are joining in the Navy and the Air Force but had les influence for those going to the Army. Personality factors had strong influence to those joining either in the Army, Navy, or Air Force. 3. The influence of social, economic, and personality factors do not differ significantly when cadets are grouped according to age and ethnicity. 4. The selection of branch of service differ significantly according to gender but not with age and ethnicity. Based on the findings, these conclusions were drawn: 1.The members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 are influenced by almost the same social, economic, and personality factors. 2. Social, economic and personality factors induced the same level of influence on the choice of members of PMA' classes 2004 and 2005 when grouped according to their branch of service. However, the strong influence of economic factors made some members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 preferred Navy and Air Force as their branch of service. 3. Age and ethnicity grouping do not have significant effect on the extent of influence of social, economic and personality factors in the choice of branch of service by cadets. 4. The preference for a branch of service is not influenced by age and ethnicity grouping of the cadets. However, gender influenced the choice significantly. Based on the study the following recommendations are offered: 1. PMA in particular and the AFP in general may capitalize on the identified social, economic, and personality factors in their recruitment of prospective applicants. 2. The Department of Ground Warfare of Tactics Group, PMA should find means to offset the strong influence of economic factors which drive a lot of cadets to prefer Navy and Air Force as their branch of service. The Army officers might as well strengthen their image as role models and drum up the feeling of prestige and emphasized service to society as an implied task of the Army in order to draw more cadets to volunteer in that branch of service. 3. The Higher Headquarters have to push and make representations for the enactment of law that would increase the amount of P240/month combat pay being received by the Army personnel to be more or less at par with the flying pay of the Air Force and sea duty pay of the Navy which is equivalent to 50% and 25% of their base pay, respectively. It may also be appropriate to provide more incentives for Army men in order to win over more quality personnel to volunteer in that branch. 4. The Department of Leadership Development, Tactics Group, PMA has to formulate a written policy if there is still none or modify existing policy on the distribution of cadets in the different branches of service so that unequal distribution of cadets on the basis of their academic standing has to be minimized if it can not entirely be avoided. 5. A replication of this study involving the performance in the field of the officers who joined in their preferred branch of service and those who joined in the service not of their preference may be undertaken. Another study may be conducted to study the feasibility of establishing separate academies for the Army, Navy, or Air Force with the end in view of doing away with the practice or tendency of assigning an officer to a branch of service not actually his own preference or primary choice.
Variations in the attitudes of student government officers towards corruption
(2004-05) Lawan, Ferdinand D.
The five most espoused instrumental values of the respondents were being: ambitious, responsible, broadminded, intellectual, and honest. Most of the first- half of the 18 values that they ranked were competence values. On the other hand, the five most espoused terminal values were: family security, a world at peace, equality, a comfortable life and freedom. These values are utopian in nature. The instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to economic status significantly vary in two values namely: being intellectual and polite. The value of being intellectual is given more importance by those in the higher economic status than those in the lower economic status; whereas, those in the lower economic status espoused the value of being polite more than those in the higher economic status. Generally however, their instrumental values were similar. On the other hand, there is no significant variation in the terminal values of the respondents when they were grouped according to their economic status; hence, their terminal values are similar. The instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity significantly vary in three instrumental values namely: being intellectual, logical, and loving. The lowlanders attached more importance to the values of being intellectual and logical than highlanders. On the other hand, the highlanders put more important to the value of loving than the lowlanders. Overall however, the instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity are similar. Six (6) significant variations are indicated in the terminal values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity. The highlanders put more importance to the terminal values of an exciting life, a world at peace, and a world of beauty than the lowlanders. On the other hand, the lowlanders put more importance on the values of self-respect, social recognition and wisdom than the highlanders. Generally, the terminal values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity are similar. There is a significant variation in the attitudes towards corruption of the respondents when grouped according to economic status. Those in the lower economic status are more likely to favor corruption than those in the higher economic status. There is no significant variation in the attitudes towards corruption of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity. Majority in both ethnic groups showed a favorable attitude towards corruption. There is a significant moderate correlation in the instrumental_ values between those who showed favorable and unfavorable attitudes toward corruption. Therefore, their instrumental values are more or less similar. Likewise, there is a significant moderate correlation in the terminal values between those who showed favorable and unfavorable attitudes toward corruption. Therefore, their instrumental values are more or less similar. The following conclusions were drawn based on the findings of the study: 1. In their instrumental values, the student government officers put high premium on competence values than on moral values, while on their terminal values; they put more importance on social values than personal values. 2. The economic status and ethnic groupings of the respondents do not influence their instrumental and terminal values. 3. The economic status of the respondents does influence their attitudes towards corruption; whereas, their ethnic grouping does not influence their attitudes towards corruption. 4. The instrumental and terminal values of the respondents do not influence or determine their attitudes towards corruption. In view of the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered. 1. So that the idealism of the student government officers will be put into good use and their combined competence values and social values be actualized into a worthy civic action, they are earnestly encouraged to be trained to monitor graft and corruption in the government in coordination with non-governmental organizations. With this, they will actively participate in the fight against corruption and also their awareness of corruption will be enhanced. 2. With the combined effort of the student government officers, school administrators, and faculty members, cooperative and continuous programs and activities that promote and enhance the values of national pride and patriotism should be undertaken. This will help the students love their country as much as they love their families. 3. Public fora and discussions on "culture sensitivity" be initiated by student government organizations to make both highlanders and lowlanders be aware of their cultural uniqueness and that prejudices will be avoided. 4. To promote better knowledge and awareness about corruption, the faculty members of social sciences should find ways to include in their syllabus the concepts - laws, definitions, consequences, implications and the like- of graft and corruption. Also, with the initiative of student government officers and in coordination with school administrators a "Corruption Awareness Week" should be established as a yearly activity in the school campuses. 5. The student government officers, through their legislative bodies, should create a committee that will check the student leaders' activities and cash disbursement. 6. A replication of this study can be conducted by determining not only the preferred values but also the practiced values of prospective respondents. 7. A replication of the study can be conducted with government employees or public officials of Baguio City or any other political institutions as the respondents by adopting the same methodology used in this study or modifying it to avoid difficulties. Using the Philippine Value Orientation Inventory (PVOI) is of great help in identifying the social, political, moral, economic, interpersonal, and professional values of prospective respondents. The PVOI can be correlated with the perceptions or attitudes towards scenarios or problems related to corruption. In addition, the variables of age, gender, years in service, educational attainment, type of government agency, kind of work, and other variables can be included in the investigation.
An evaluation of the honor system of the Philippine Military Academy
(2006-03) Lumibao, Antonio Pabillo
The profession of arms requires a high standard of values that is essential in the performance of their military duties. Foremost in these values is the concept of honor and integrity. In the Philippines, the formation of values starts at the training schools of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). In the forefront is the Philippine Military Academy (PMA), a school for leaders that gives emphasis on character development. Integrity is one of the three core values of PMA (the two others are Courage and Loyalty) as emphasized in its motto and the main system that supports it is the Honor System. Through the years, changes were observed in the implementation of the system. There was an increase in honor cases during the late nineties. Moreover, the mishandling of honor cases resulted to a backlog of cases for two years. As a result, dishonor was identified in 2002 by then Superintendent General Rufo A. de Veyra as one of the three-headed menaces that afflict the Academy. The researcher intended to find out whether the Honor System has outlived its usefulness and if not, find out what measures can be done to further strengthen the system. This qualitative research is an evaluation of the Honor System of the Philippine Military Academy. Specifically, it sought answers to the following: 1. What is the profile of the Honor System of the following Academies? a. Philippine Military Academy b. United States Military Academy (Westpoint) c. United States Naval Academy (Annapolis) d. United States Air Force Academy (Maryland) 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the PMA Honor System along the following areas? a. Goals b. Ownership of the Honor System c. Reporting d. Investigating e. Adjudicating 3. What are the opportunities and threats of the PMA Honor System along the following areas? a. Goals b. Ownership of the Honor System c. Reporting d. Investigating e. Adjudicating 4. What Action Plan can be recommended to improve the Honor System of the Academy? To answer the questions mentioned above, unstructured interviews, document analysis, and the use of SWOT analysis were conducted. 1. Profile of US Academies. The results of the study showed that the problems that the Academy is encountering have been experienced and are still being experienced by the three major academies of the United States of America. The major profile of the Academies are the following: 1.a Compared to the United Staes major Academies, the Philippine Military Academy gives more leeway to the cadets in the administration of the honor code. 1.b The United States Military Academy does not solely choose from the honor committee members in the adjudication of honor cases. 1.c Thu United States Naval Academy is the only Academy that does not have a "non-toleration" clause in its honor code. 1.d The United States Air Force Academy relies heavily in the case method to indoctrinate their honor system to the cadets. 2. SW analysis. In the conduct of the SW analysis, the following were the findings: 2.a An atmosphere of trust that is felt within the community will reinforce to instill honor to the future officers. However, there is a need to address the problem of having different interpretations of the honor system. 2.b Cadets are trained to be honorable through the honor system. They however lack the investigative and adjudication skills. 2.c. Cadets need little supervision during examinations. However, there is still a need to properly indoctrinate them about the honor code. 2.d Cadets under investigation can readily answer charges and the investigation process is sound. The cadets though still need more formal training in investigative work. 2.e The ownership of the code is reinforced because cadets not only do the reporting and investigation but they are also the ones who will render the verdict. Again, they need to be trained in legal matters. 3. OT analysis. In the conduct of the OT analysis, the following were the findings: 3.a Cadets are seen to be more idealistic and the Academy can exploit this to have a positive perception of the honor system. The lack of positive role models affects how cadets view the honor system. 3.b Cadets' ownership of the honor system with little intervention from the Academy Administration sometimes results to legal problems. 3.c Influences from relatives of the cadets who have little knowledge of the honor code might interfere in cadets reporting honor violations. 3.d The negative perception of cadets' capability to administer the honor system can be addressed by proper indoctrination. 3.e Other agencies in the government can help train the cadets in investigating and adjudicating honor cases. 4. Action Plan to Improve the Honor System. The following were the major findings to improve the Honor System: 4.a The sanction of dismissal for all honor violators needs to be examined. A remediation program should be allowed on a case-to-case basis. 4.b The unanimous vote tends to weaken the honor system because of new practices of some cadets. It should be changed to 2/3" vote. 4.c For the cadets to feel true ownership of the honor system, the physical presence of a JAG officer is not necessary during honor deliberations. 4.d The final sanction should rest with the Superintendent. The following are the conclusions of this study: 1. The Honor System is still relevant to the development of character of the cadets in the different Academies. 2. The inadequate indoctrination of the PMA honor system is the number one problem facing it. 3. The administration of the adjudication stage of the honor system is the number one problem facing it. 4. The Action Plan will help improve the administration of the Honor System. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are the recommendations of this study: 1. An immediate implementation of the Action Plan to improve the Honor System be made. 2. The "pulse" of the Cadet Corps with regard to the Honor System should be continuously monitored and evaluated so that appropriate changes can be made to make it more effective and relevant to the development of character of the cadets.
Performance of the mandatory barangay appointive officials in Middle Quezon Hill
(2008-01) Baltazar, Ma. Theresa Marayag
On October 10, 1991 former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991. Former President Fidel V. Ramos elucidates that this landmark legislation empowers the barangays by enabling them to enforce laws, maintain public order, ensure delivery of basic services and promote general welfare. The barangay, as seen from the Local Government Code, has its own set of officials that implement authority within the community. Section 387 of the Code presents that a barangay is to be directed by elective officials, namely: a punong barangay, seven (7) sangguniang barangay members, and a sangguniang kabataan chairman, and by mandatory appointive officials, namely: a barangay secretary and a barangay treasurer. These officials, under the captainship of the punong barangay, are expected to provide quality service to the constituents of the barangay. However, reviewed local studies give the implication that the barangay's accomplishments are often attributed to the punong barangay: his competency and proficiency are essential facets in the attainment of both national and local development goals. Frequently, the role played by the mandatory appointive officials is left unnoticed. Their performances are not appraised, and their needs are not noted. It is with this basis that this study has been pursued in order to evaluate the performance of the mandatory appointive officials of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill, the 2006 Most Outstanding Barangay in the City of Baguio. It sought to appraise the level of improved performance of the mandatory appointive barangay officials in Middle Quezon Hill. Specifically, the study sought answers to the following problems: 1. What is the performance level of the barangay secretary along the following areas: a. Custody of barangay records b. Preparation of forms or reports c. Submission of reports d. Auxiliary functions Hypothesis: There is an outstanding level of performance of the barangay secretary along the following areas: a. Custody of barangay records b. Preparation of forms or reports c. Submission of reports d. Auxiliary functions 2. What is the performance level of the barangay treasurer along the following areas; a. Custody of barangay funds and properties b. Preparation of financial reports c. Collection and issuance or receipts d. Disbursement of funds e. Certification of availability of funds f. Submission of reports g. Attendance in rural postal circuit Hypothesis: There is an outstanding level of performance of the barangay treasurer along the following areas: a. Custody of barangay funds and properties b. Preparation of financial reports c. Collection and issuance or receipts d. Disbursement of funds e. Certification of availability of funds f. Submission of reports g. Attendance in rural postal circuit 3. To what extent is the contribution of the mandatory appointive barangay officials to the outstanding performance of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill? Hypothesis: There is an improved level of performance from Satisfactory to Outstanding in the following: a. delivery and submission of quality barangay reports or forms and financial statements to the appropriate offices and to the clients; b. punctual delivery and submission of barangay reports or forms and financial statements to the appropriate offices and to the clients; c. display of improved personality The study employed the descriptive method of investigation. Data of these research problems were obtained using questionnaires, interview, and documentary analysis. The data gathered were tallied, categorized, and subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. The statistical tools used were percentage, weighted mean, t-test, and F test through the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Based on the research problems, the following were the findings: 1. A. As per evaluation of the barangay officials, the following were arrived at: a. The barangay secretary has an outstanding performance in all her tasks regarding custody of records. b. The barangay secretary had an outstanding performance with regard to preparation of forms and reports. c. An average rating of very satisfactory was given to the barangay secretary in terms of submission of reports. d. The barangay secretary has been outstandingly performing her duties considered as auxiliary functions. B. As per evaluation of the barangay residents, the following are the findings: a. The resident respondents claimed that they were very satisfied with how well the barangay secretary personally dealt with them. b. There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the respondents on the personality of the barangay secretary when they are grouped according to gender. This clearly revealed that the male and female residents of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill have the same perception on the personality of the barangay secretary. c. There are significant differences among the mean ratings of the respondents when they are grouped according to age. The older the respondents the higher are the ratings they gave. d. The secretary of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill has a very satisfactory performance of her duties. e. There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the respondents on the performance of duties of the barangay secretary when they were grouped according to gender. f. There are significant differences among the mean ratings of the respondents when they were grouped according to age. 2. A. The barangay officials' evaluations are as follows: a. The barangay treasurer has been outstandingly performing her duties regarding custody of barangay funds and properties. b. The barangay treasurer has been performing her duties regarding preparation of financial reports very satisfactorily, on the average. c. The barangay treasurer is believed to be performing outstandingly her duties regarding collection and issuance of receipts as evaluated by the barangay officials. d. The barangay treasurer has been performing her duties regarding submission of reports outstandingly. e. The barangay treasurer has been doing other related functions very satisfactorily. B. The barangay residents' evaluations are as follows: a. The barangay treasurer has a very satisfactory display of good personality. b. There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the respondents when they were grouped according to gender. c. There are significant differences in the mean ratings of the respondents when they were grouped according to age. d. The barangay treasurer does a very satisfactory performance of her duties as evaluated by the resident respondents. e. Regardless of gender, the residents of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill be that the barangay treasurer has been performing her duties very satisfactorily. f. There are significant differences in the mean ratings of the respondents when they were grouped according to age. 3. As to the level of improvement within the last five years, the following are the findings: a. There is a very satisfactory level of improvement of the performance of the functions of the barangay secretary according to the barangay officials. Considering the four different functions, there is an outstanding improvement of the performance in two of them; such functions are custody of records and auxiliary functions. There is a very satisfactory improvement in the other two functions namely submission of reports and preparation of forms and reports. b. The barangay treasurer had a very satisfactory improvement regarding her performance of her functions. Considering her specific functions, she was believed by the barangay officials to have improved outstandingly in the preparation of financial reports and in the collection and issuance of receipts. She has a very satisfactory improvement regarding the following functions: attendance in rural postal circuit, certification of availability of funds, custody of barangay funds and properties, submission of written reports, and disbursement of funds. c. Considering the personality and performance of duties of the barangay secretary and barangay treasurer, the mean ratings suggest a very satisfactory improvement on the personality and performance of duties of both the barangay secretary and barangay treasurer as evaluated by the residents. In the light of the findings of the study, the following are the conclusions: 1. With the exception of submission of reports where she is rated very satisfactory, the barangay secretary outstandingly performs all her duties stated in the Local Government Code as perceived by the barangay officials of Middle Quezon Hill. On the other hand, the barangay residents perceived that there is still room for improvement since they rated the barangay secretary's performance as very satisfactory. 2. The barangay of perceived that the barangay treasurer needs to further her knowledge and skills on the preparation of financial reports, disbursement of funds, certification of availability of fund:;, and attendance in rural postal circuit since she is rated very satisfactory in these areas. On the other hand, they perceived that she excels in the collection and issuance of receipts and submission of reports since she is performing outstandingly in these areas. The barangay residents perceived that the barangay treasurer can still further her knowledge and skills in the discharge of her functions and in dealing with the clients since she is evaluated very satisfactory in these areas. 3. The barangay residents perceived that within the last five years, both the barangay secretary and the barangay treasurer improved very satisfactorily in the performance of their official and auxiliary functions. This improvement contributed significantly to the outstanding performance of the barangay. The mandatory appointive officials aided the punong barangay and the barangay council in the preparation of reports and documents that were used as bases of evaluation when the barangay participated for the search for the best performing barangays in 2006. In relation with the findings and conclusions of this research, the following are the recommendations: 1. The barangay secretary and the barangay treasurer of Middle Quezon Hill must further their knowledge in terms of documentation and records filing or storing. 2. Barangay captains must always accord support and encouragement to their mandatory appointed officials. 3. The Barangay Affairs Office and the Association of Barangay Secretaries and Association of Barangay Treasurers must push through with their plan of looking for agencies or non government organizations that will sponsor the search for the best performing barangay secretary and barangay treasurer. 4. The Association of Barangay Secretaries and the Association of Barangay Treasurers must double their efforts in sponsoring seminars or trainings for the mandatory appointive barangay officials for the improvement of their knowledge and skills. 5. A study on the factors that motivate barangay secretaries and barangay treasurers to work maybe conducted. 6. A study on the performance of barangay secretaries and barangay treasurers of Baguio City may also be conducted.
Demystifying the political ideas of Jose Rizal through Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
(2013-11) Balbin, Alfonso C. Jr.
Jose Rizal wrote the Noll Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo to open the eyes of his people to the grim reality of Spanish corruption and tyranny; to bare their faults woven in the narratives and proposed a two- pronged remedy, that is, through reform and revolution that would lead to the independence of the Philippines from Spain. It was precisely in his honor that the Rizal law (RA 1425) was passed in June 12, 1956. Rizal's political awakening came at the heels of a tragic event that culminated in the execution of Filipino priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora in 1872. Writing the El Fili, Rizal dedicated it to their memory as victims of injustices against which he vowed to avenge. The contemporary opinion holds Rizal vacillating between reform and revolution evinced in his novels and his stern condemnation of the popular uprising against Spain in 1896. And the seeming lack of clear endorsement for a revolutionary armed struggle to win independence from Spain even more complicated the conundrum of his political thoughts. It is believed he was never a revolutionary but a reformist to the end. Thus, the intent of the study was to examine these issues in the light of Rizal's novels and the historic period in which they written. This study aimed to demystify Jose Rizal's political ideas propounded in his novels namely Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions: 1. What political ideas of Jose Rizal are manifested through textual symbols from Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo? 2. What political ideas of Jose Rizal are manifested through character symbols from Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo? 3. How did Jose Rizal negotiate his reformist and revolutionary ideas from the texts of Noli and El Fili? The study used content analysis to gather and analyze qualitative data from Rizal's novels. It used hermeneutics primarily as method of interpretation. It also used Marxism to interpret the shreds of class contradiction among protagonists as actors in the struggle of Filipinos' nationalist past. The textual and character symbols were the units of analysis of the study. The following are the major findings of the study: 1. The textual symbols of Jose Rizal's political ideas from his novels were reforms and revolutions. In the Noli, Rizal's predominance of a revolutionary theme over reforms already concluded the futility of a peaceful campaign for reforms in Spain and began to chart the pathway of separatism. It follows that this radicalization of Rizal reflected the social turbulence in and his disillusionment to Spain. Further, the shade of class struggle in the novel was not between the ideas of reform and revolution but was between Spaniards and the Filipinos over the Philippines and the minds, will, and bodies of a colonized people. The El Fili is more political than its forerunner. The references to revolution far outweighed those of reforms in the same book and far overwhelmed the total references to revolution in the Noli. Such radicalization only reflected the prevailing mood of the time, both in the Philippines and in Spain. Among other things, anarchism spread in Europe while his family and other Calamba folks were embroiled in a vicious struggle over rent and against corruption of the Dominicans in the management of Calamba Hacienda. 2. The political ideas of reform and revolution were also expressed through character symbols in Rizal's novels. In Noli, the primary proponents of reforms are Crisostomo Ibarra and the schoolmaster, among others; while for the revolutionary movements were Elias, Crisostomo Ibarra, Tarcillo and Bruno. Thus a total of 6 characters that spoke of revolution over the 5 who debated reforms in the Noli. In Fili, the character symbols of revolution far exceeded that of reforms. 3. The political ideas of reform and revolution in Rizal's novels were negotiated as two political alternative strategies. This dichotomy of political strategies in Rizal novels had independence as its definitive goal. These were introduced in different levels of dialogues. Hermeneutically, revolution would have to be the final resort. Reform is submitted as a tactical weapon. Reform should precede things to allow a heightened consciousness of the people of their rights and duties, and to allow Spain to exit the last of her colonies with dignity. In the debate between Simoun and Basilio is no longer a debate. In the dialogue, the negotiations have already ended. The debate was no longer about whether or not a revolution was the path; it was now on how it was to be waged. Based on the findings, the following are the conclusions: 1. The political ideas of reform and revolution are contained in various textual symbols in Rizal's novels through literary mechanisms. 2. The political ideas of reform and revolution are also expressed through the voices of various characters in Rizal's novels. 3. Rizal negotiated the ideas of reform and revolution through dialogues between various textual and character symbols, and wove them into a coherent strategy with reform as a tactical weapon in support of a general strategy of separatism. Based on the findings, the following are recommended: 1. That the teaching of the Rizal course be reassessed to include with emphasis on his revolutionary strategy than his reformism as an alternative tool. 2. That the characters in the novels are mouthpieces of Rizal's political ideas of reform and revolution with independence as its ultimate aim must be re-emphasized in teaching the Rizal course. 3. That the theme of reform and revolution are suggested to be properly contextualized in public discourses and classroom discussions; that they are not contradictory ideas associated with class distinction but two complementary political alternatives. 4. That the scope of this study focused primarily on the novels, a call to include the letters, poems and other writings of Rizal for future studies grounded on historical framework is highly recommended if only to draw a more holistic picture of the Rizaline political agenda.
Resolving the disparity between the regalian doctrine and the native title doctrine on ancestral land claims in Baguio City
(2015-04) Aquino, Jennifer Corpuz.
The study emerged as a response to the clamor of Indigenous peoples who remain to be disenfranchised despite he implementation of a landmark legislation - RA 8371 or the indigenous People's Rights Act of 1997. The focus of the study was to comprehensively describe the historical, practical and legal aspects that have placed the principles the Regalian Doctrine and the Native Title Doctrine in seeming opposition as it focused on the Ibaloi experience in Baguio City. The main aim of this study was to determine the historical roots of and identify the resolution of the disparity between the Regalian Doctrine and the Native Title Doctrine on Ancestral Land Claims in Baguio City. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following: 1. What are the historical bases for land use and ownership of the State vis-à-vis Ancestral claims of Indigenous peoples in the City of Baguio? 2. What are the areas of disparity between the principles of national patrimony, ancestral domain and the city charter in awarding Certificates of Ancestral Land Titles in Baguio City? 3. What are the effects of these disparities in the process of claiming ancestral lands in Baguio City? 4. What are the possible areas of reconciliation and resolution in the process of claiming ancestral lands in Baguio City? The study employed the qualitative method of research specifically the descriptive method. Among the different types of the descriptive method, the historical method or archival - ethnographic research was used to trace the evolution of the concept of land. Documentary analysis of maps was also utilized to determine the disparities in the process and bases in the national, local and indigenous peoples' view on ancestral domain. Similarly, content analysis was done on various legal sources like Supreme Court Decisions, the City Charter and Comprehensive Zoning and Land Use ordinances/policies of Baguio City, the IPRA law of 1997, Republic Acts and other laws related to the process of ancestral land claiming and actual local cases on ancestral claims. Interviews with guide questions provided a comprehensive discussion on the issue laid out by the research. Focus group discussions with members of Indigenous Peoples' groups and ancestral land claimants were likeWiSe conducted. The following are the major findings of the study: 1. Colonial history has greatly affected the recognition of indigenous rights as the Spanish and American colonial legislation has affirmed the Regalian Doctrine. 2. The absence of a codified Baguio City Charter has gravely affected the process of ancestral land claims as gross misinterpretation and manipulation of the law have hampered the awarding of Ancestral Land Claim Titles in Baguio City. 3. The NCIP (National Commission on Indigenous Peoples) has been plagued by several controversies that have questioned its credibility and authenticity as the agency created to protect the rights of IP's to self-determination. 4. The Ibalois though a shy and timid people have started to express their displeasure at the snail-paced process of granting ancestral land claims and have since become more assertive of their clamor for the recognition of their inherent right to their ancestral lands. In light of the findings of the study, the following are the conclusions: 1. The colonial history of State legislation led to the imposition of the principle of National Patrimony which compromised Indigenous Vested Rights provided by the Mateo Carino Doctrine. 2. The inconsistency of legal interpretation and the cumbersome process of ancestral land claims are the major areas of disparity between the Regalian Doctrine and the Native Title Doctrine. 3. As a result of the disparities between the principles of national patrimony and prior vested rights, the process of Ancestral Land claims has been hampered and compromised thus, further alienating the Ibalois from their lands. The study has arrived at and proposes the following recommendations: 1. To compile and document a comprehensive historical survey generated from personal accounts and genealogical and anthropological sources of the Ibaloi people in Baguio City and publishing such data for public use and information. This can be spearheaded by the Onjon Ni Ivadoy Association, Inc. as it is the recognized People's organization of the Ibalois in Baguio City. Possible coordination with the NCIP is also recommended as well as History and Social Sciences Departments of universities in Baguio, La Trinidad and Benguet so as to be guided in the conduct of research and publication. 2. To facilitate a comprehensive study of the IPRA and its possible amendments to address the vagueness of certain provisions. Among the provisions that may need review include Chapter III, Section 8 on the Right to transfer land /property - to include a provision that if the IP or his heirs for any reason fail to exercise their right of redemption, the Government may redeem the property that was sold 5 years after the expiration of the seller's right to redemption; Chapter VII on the NCIP - to specify grounds that would cause the removal of NCIP officials especially those related to awarding anomalous titles; Chapter VIII on the Delineation and Recognition of Ancestral Land Claims (ALCs) - to clarify and simplify the process of application so as to expedite present claims, specify the details of publication of documents, maps and claims and identify who in the NCIP is in charge of specific functions; and Section 78 exempting Baguio from the coverage of ALCs - to clarify the provision and possibly have an implementing rules and regulations for the same. Consequently, there must be a collaborative dialogue between the local government of Baguio and government agencies which can be made possible through the codification of the Baguio City Charter. The two versions have their individual merits which may be integrated into a more relevant bill. It is significant for the provisions to be clear on the specifications of land use as well as the recognition of ancestral land sites in the city. 3. To include the Ibalois as representatives in consultative bodies not limited to COELs and cultural groups so as to ascertain sustainable development plans integrated in the CLUP of the city. Since the disparities between the doctrines directly affect the process of ancestral land claims in Baguio City and Ibalois comprise the bulk of claimants, their direct participation in the resolution of the disparities is both relevant and significant. 4. To push for the exclusion of the Native Title Doctrine in the application of the Regalian Doctrine by concerted efforts of people's organizations who will lobby for a more distinct and definite delineation of ancestral domains and ancestral lands. This can be supported by a comprehensive historical account of the Ibaloi experience in Baguio City. Among the areas of reconciliation can be: a. The harmonization of the two doctrines - Lands now covered by CALTs and CADTs, or lands for which CALTs and CADTs may in part be issued, should be subjected to reacquisition, in whole, or in part, by the State or local government unit through sale, lease, usufruct, donation or, expropriation. Such reacquisition may be undertaken whenever it deems such land to be vital in the preservation of government reservations or the protection of the environment, or when it considers the land necessary for urban planning and development. b. Inclusion of a provision on the IPRA similar to Sec. 120 of Act no. 41 - so that where the sale by an IP of a land covered by a CALT requires prior approval by the NCIP and no such approval is granted, the sale should be considered void. c. All those ancestral lands that shall be recognized but now covered by reservations and other government uses shall be compensated under the principle of eminent domain this may be a remedy undertaken by the City Council as it includes budgetary allocation for purchase of lands for public purposes. The City Assessor's Office and Land Appraisal Committee will come up with a formulated appraisal value for particular ALs subject to expropriation. d. Adoption of an Ancestral Land Zone in the Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Baguio City. The specific permitted uses may be determined by both the CLUP and the IPRA. e. Incorporation of the ADSDPP of Barangay Happy Hallow into the city's CLUP as a means of recognizing indigenous people's rights and general welfare in an integrated policy. f. Standardization of Monitoring and Evaluating instruments in Ancestral Land Claims with the possible revival of the Baguio Ancestral Land Claims Clearing Committee that could minimize cOnfliCt8 in the ancestral land claiming process. g. Joint Management System as a development strategy for CALTs covered by watershed/forest lands pursuant to national policies. Spearheaded by the DENR and the city council and with consolidation with AL claimants, this serves as a synergy of sustainable development principles so that environmental protection is promoted. h. Enhancement of the Council of Elders via the creation of a Consultative Body of IP's in Baguio City. This may provide for a more direct and relevant participation of the Ibalois in the development plans of Baguio. 5. For further research to be done that may further determine the effects and implications of ancestral land claims on gender and the economic status of the IPs. This came about as an observation of the preponderance of the economic aspect of ancestral land claims and the limited literature on gender disparities. A political and sociological issue becomes more multi-dimensional when gender is integrated as the practices and beliefs of a culture have different implications for men and women. This can be relevant in the discourse of leadership and organization.
Political motives and leadership qualities of local political elites
(2015-04) Ramos, Flordeliza V.
The elites in politics is one important topic in the field of Political Science. It has been a consistent subject of studies by writers and scholars because of these elites'" great part in the fife and history of every society. In the Philippines, there are political elites who did excellent job as leaders. There are also political elites who abused their powers in the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the government. Leaders' motives and their qualities became a recent issue in the country. It is ironical that top officials from the elites and who are considered as the best and finest are the ones- facing different cases and criminal charges. It is the researcher's aim that while in the process of this study, it will be a time for evaluation and learning for the politic(ii elites, their subordinates and constituents. This will also make the electorate get to know whom they have voted or will vote in the coming elections. The result of this study will also help aspiring leaders in preparing them to possess necessary qualities would be beneficial in the pursuit of good governance. This research focused on determining the motives and leadership qualities of the local political elites of Salcedo, Ilocos Sur. Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions: 1. What are the motives of each municipal official in entering politics? 2. How are the local political elites described as to their leadership qualities in relation to the transformational and transactional leadership model? 3. How do the following variables relate to the development and practice of transactional and transformational leadership? a. Socio-economic status i. Educational attainment ii. Income/wealth b. Length of service "The researcher made use of the descriptive method and the case study approach for this research:. The researcher conducted a semi-structured interview with the key informants and also looked at documents including officials' profile with their economic record and minutes of meetings The multi-factor leadership questionnaire was administered to the respondents and the researcher got the average score of each political elites in the transformational and transactional leadership qualities. The following are the major findings of the study: 1. The Municipal Mayor, Vice - Mayor and seven (7) Sanguniang Bayan members are economically stable and one(l) Sanguniang Bayan member declared that he is not economically stable. 2. The political elites of Salcedo got a higher average score in transformational leadership qualities than transactional leadership qualities. Two of the political elites got a relatively low score in transformational leadership qualities than the other political elites. 3. The Municipal Mayor, Vice Mayor and six (6) Sanguniang Bayan members are college graduates, two of them with post-graduate units and college undergraduate and the other two (2) Sanguniang Bayan members did not reach college. The Sanguniang Bayan members who did not reach college got a relatively low score in the transformational leadership qualities. Nine (9) of the political elites are socio-economically stable and only (1) is not economically _table, The. Municipal Mayor and the eight (8) Sanguniang Bayan members had been in the local politics of Salcedo for more than five years while it is the second year of the Municipal Vice Mayor. In light of the findings of the study, the following are the conclusions: 1. The Municipal Mayor of Salcedo Ilocos Sur, Vice Mayor and seven (7) Sanguniang Sayan Members have a "live for" motive in politics and only one political elite has a "live off" motive in politics. 2. All of the local political elites of Salcedo, Ilocos Sur have transformational leadership qualities than transactional leadership qualities. 3. Educational attainment of the local political elites of Salcedo is significant in developing transformational leadership qualities while wealth and income and length of service are not factors in developing neither transformational nor transactional leadership qualities. In relation with the findings and conclusions of this research, the following are recommended: 1. Since nine (9) of the ten (10) political elites of Salcedo, Ilocos Sur are already considered to have "live for" motive in politics and only one (1) has "live off" motive, the leadership could take an action to help their colleagues to find ways to have source of income other that what politics can give him. 2. Since all of the local political elites of Salcedo ranks higher in the transformational leadership qualities than transactional, these local government officials should sponsor a seminar on transformational and transactional leadership that for all municipal employees and to all barangay workers so that they could equally possess this quality as they serve. 3. Since higher education can be a factor to develop transformational leadership qualities, local government officials are encouraged to get short courses on leadership or public administration. 4. Further research can be done on different political elites of the municipalities of Ilocos Sur, and all leaders around the country. 5. A study focusing on the relationship of educational attainment and length of service in the development of transformational and transactional leadership qualities can be done. 6. A contextualized material on transformational and transactional leadership qualities can be developed primarily for the political elites in the Philippines.
Role of government in rural development in Zawiya, Libya
(2018-02) Barnous, Issa
This research work assessed the role of government in rural development in Zawiya, Libya. The world over, there have been a lot clamoring for the creation of local government especially in developing and war-torn countries such as Libya because it is seen as the closest form of governance to the people at the grass-root level. This for according many scholars should be able to meet the needs and aspirations of the rural communities. The objective of this paper is to examine the role of government in rural development in Zawiya in terms of rural industrialization, support services, human and institutional development and resource management indicators of rural development. The study generated data based on questionnaires, on study area. This paper presented a scenario or what difficulties exists in local government administration and rural development in Zawiya. Although the justification for the existence of local government is to stimulate and accelerate rural development, the situation in Zawiya today is quite an embarrassing one. This could be appreciated from the widespread poverty and absence of basic infrastructural development, underdevelopment of the agricultural sector, lack of transparency, weak government institutions, poor funding, unemployment, nepotism and social amenities to cater for these essential needs of people, majorities of who live in the rural areas. Consequently, the work concludes by noting that rural development in Zawiya after the revolution that toppled the regime of the former dictator had remained a paradox, because more government efforts are directed towards the ongoing civil war in the country hence, the worse the level of poverty in the rural areas turns out to be. By this result, it means that proactive measures must be shaped towards improving the lives of the rural populace through the provision of infrastructure, basic social amenities and investment in the agricultural sector in Zawiya. In general the primary aim of this research was to investigate the role of government in rural development in Zawiya, Libya in terms of rural industrialization, support services, human and institutional development and resource management as indicators for rural development. Specifically it sought answers to the following research questions: 1. What is the profile of the local community of Zawiya, Libya in terms of a. Demography b. Resources 2. To what extent has the district government of Zawiya. Libya implemented rural development along the areas of: a. Rural industrialization b. Support services c. Human and institutional development d. Resource management 3. What are the challenges encountered by the district government of Zawiya, Libya in implementing rural development programs along the areas of: a. Rural industrialization b. Support services c. Human and institutional development d. Resource management The following are the major findings of the study: 1. The study reveals that, lack of infrastructural facilities has negatively affected the socio-economic conditions of the local community of Zawiya. This has contributed to a lot of draw-backs for the people in the community. 2. It was also discovered that, in the study areas few rural development has taken place. Rural development indicators such as provision of good roads, education health facilities and portable water generally absent in the community. The absence of these basic amenities has adversely contributed to the increase in poverty which is a result of non-implementation of rural development programs in the study area. 3. The study also discovered that issues such as lack of commitment, executive autonomy, development planning, poor funding and poor decision making were the greatest challenges facing the administration of the Local community of Zawiya towards the implementation of rural development programs in the study area. This has to a great extent largely contributed to the failure of the local government administration in Zawiya. The quest for development in Zawiya district remains a necessary aspiration but an elusive dream. Such a conclusion is explained as follows: 1. The demography and resources of Zawiya do not provide enough support and supply to spur rural development. 2. The blueprint meant to guide the reins of progress and Projects pre-supposedly needed to jumpstart development has not been implemented. 3. The challenges encountered in the desire to usher in development to Zawiya district boils down to two things-political will and local autonomy. Having considered the conclusions of the research, the following measures are recommended for improving the performance of local government in rural development in Zawiya, Libya. 1. Emphasis should be placed on the development of infrastructures which are prerequisite for sustainable rural development. It is not enough to make provisions for just physical infrastructure but administrative as well as institutional infrastructure which are complementary to ensure a balanced rural development. Efforts should equally be directed at mobilizing the people to organize themselves into viable groups such as cooperatives, community development association and social clubs which can be used as vehicles for the development of the rural areas. 2. In consideration of its closeness to the people at the grass-root level, Zawiya local government should be strong political in execution of its rural development projects. In doing so, checks and balances should be implored to checkmate the excesses of government spending and data for each program should be created so as to ensure the judicious execution of rural development projects and programs in the locality. 3. To bring about a more realistic rural development in Zawiya, the district government should be granted executive autonomy so as to control its financial and economic resources which can used to meet the immediate needs of the local people without waiting for approval from the central government in Tripoli. Issues such as lack of commitment, lack of development planning and lack of financial and executive autonomy will be a thing of the past if the local government is totally free from the control of the central government.
Predominant social values in the political activities of Sabangan, Mountain Province
(2018-04) Budod, Lydia Leganzo
Indigenous peoples have been defined by Martinez Cobo as those which, having a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, or parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop, and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as people, in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal system. In the Philippines, even before the Spanish colonization, indigenous peoples and their ancestors were able to manage, nurture, and preserve their ancestral domains basing on their customary laws, governance, and traditional knowledge. The traditional knowledge and practices had strengthened their rights to their ancestral domain and lands claim. It is interesting to study how the local government units, dominated by the indigenous peoples, are maximizing their rights as guaranteed by RA 8371. It is within this context that the study is being done in order to know and understand the social values that are inherent in Sabangan's indigenous political institutions and practices. The findings of this study will therefore be of great importance to the local leaders and people of Sabangan for them to know which of their indigenous institutions need to be nurtured as these are relevant to the promotion of community life. This study sought to explore the predominant social values in the political activities of Sabangan, Mountain Province. Specifically, the study sought answers to the following questions: 1. What are the social values manifested in the policies and programs enacted by the barangay officials? 2. What are the social values manifested in the informal activities of the selected barangays in Sabangan, Mountain Province? Based on the research problems, the following are the findings: As regards to the social values manifested in these policies and programs of the barangay officials, both the barangay officials and residents posited that through these programs/projects, the community's adherence to the social values of galatis/binnadang/ug-ugbo, kailyan, pakikisama, close family ties, and inayan are nurtured. Both parties agree that these values are not only manifested, but also taken into consideration in the adoption, enactment, and implementation of the programs and policies. As to the informal activities which are categorized as community rituals, cooperative works, and special occasions, the same set of social values were identified. Both parties agreed that the motivating social values to their involvement in these informal activities are kailyan, pakikisama and galatis/binnadang/ug-ugbo. In light of the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The social values that are predominant in the policies and programs enacted by the barangay officials are galatis/binnadang/ug-ugbo, kailyan, pakikisama, and close family ties. 2. On the informal activities of the selected barangays, the predominant social values are galatis/binnadang/ug-ugbo, pakikisama, and kailyan. Based from the findings and conclusions of the study, the following are the recommendations. 1. There must be strict implementation of the enacted and adopted ordinances, resolutions, executive orders, programs, and projects for the attainment of each of the barangay's objectives and goals leading to the progress and development of the barangays and will benefit the residents. 2. The informal activities, though there may be some variations, must be religiously observedd because this will identify them from the rest of the Indigenous Peoples. Moreover, both the formal and informal leaders (elders) of the eight barangays as well as the parents should continually serve as teachers of their respective barangay's living traditions to guarantee that the youth will nurture and continue the practices that sustained their communal life. 3. A future study, using a quantitative approach, may replicate this research. It may include in its focus the role of the ato, elders, and the youth in strengthening the community's cultural institutions.
Development orientation and performance of first-term barangay chiefs in the city of Batac
(2018-06) Domingo, Michelle P.
The nature of development, including the strategies to attain it is dependent on what is in the mind of whoever is at the helm of leadership. This, in turn, is influenced by the leader’s values and development perceptions or orientation. According to Bautista (2003), “ the value commitments which constitute the frame of reference of administrators in assessing their behavior against societal goals have a large bearing on the behavior of administrators towards development” (p.4). This descriptive study aimed to determine the development orientation and performance of first-term barangay chiefs in the city of Batac. The population composed of 14 first-term barangay chiefs and their constituents. Data were gathered through the use of a questionnaire, and further analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study generally aimed to determine the development orientation and performance of first-term barangay chiefs in the city of Batac. It specifically answered the following questions: 1. what is the level of development orientation of first-term barangay chiefs? 2. What is the level of performance of first-term barangay chiefs with respect to their functions provided in chapter 3, section 389 of the local government code? 3. I s there a significant relationship between the level of development orientation and level of performance of first-term barangay chiefs? The data needed in this study were generated primarily through the use of questionnaire which were floated to 14 first-term barangay chiefs and constituents respondents which seek information relative to the performance of first-term barangay chiefs. This study employed the descriptive-survey design. The data were treated using weighted mean, correlation and document analysis. The following are the major findings of the study: 1. the first-term barangay chiefs of the city of Batac, Ilocos Norte have moderate development orientation. 2. The first-term barangay chiefs of the city of Batac, Ilocos Norte have a very satisfactory performance. 3. Development values such as change orientation, action propensity, concern for equity and social justice, concern for grassroots participation, decisiveness, local commitment and selflessness are not significantly related to the performance of the first-term barangay chiefs. Based on the findings, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. The first-term barangay chief respondents are moderately equipped with value commitments concerning development transformations in the community and have yet to fully internalized and thought of the development goals of the society and the strategies to attain such goals. 2. the first-term barangay chiefs have been responsive to the needs and concerns of their constituents and seem to have met the expectations of their constituents in performing their duties and functions stipulated in the Local Government Code. 3. The level of development does not seem to influence the performance of first-term barangay chiefs. The level of performance of barangay chiefs could have been influenced by other factors such as statistical explanation due to limited number of respondents, demographic characteristics, barangay chiefs managerial capabilities along planning, organizing, directing and controlling and the western concept of development. In relation to the findings and conclusions of this research, the following are recommended: 1. Policy makers in the Department of Interior and local Government academy, as well as other concerned authorities involved on governance or trainings workshops to strengthens the commitments to developments values such as change orientation, action propensity, concern for equity and social justice, concern for grassroots participation, decisiveness, local commitment, and selflessness among barangay chiefs particularly first-term. 2. The first-term barangay chiefs should continuously attend to capability enhancement training to maintain their very satisfactory performance and need to plan and implement into the items which are lacking in the State of the Barangay Governance report, like the establishment of Botika ng Barangay and the regular conduct of sports Festival among the youth. 3. Even though the level of development orientation does not influence the performance of the first-term barangay chiefs, it is recommended to study other attributes to managerial capabilities of barangay chief or factor that affect the performance of barangay chiefs. 4. The attached Training Framework for Development Orientation values ( see appendix a) for first-term barangay chiefs which the researcher has developed is being recommended for all municipalities to consider support to the present capability enhancement programs provided to the newly-elected local officials. 5. The DILG and other concerned institutions including the academe that offers public administration or rural development degree programs should design training programs on how to assist barangay chairmen in maximizing their potentials. The DILG can sponsor capability training program to make the barangay chiefs more development oriented, and thus enhance their effectiveness and efficacy as development administrators. Professors in the field of public administration and rural development can deliver lecture on governance and sustainable development. 6. It is recommended that further studies on development orientation among local leaders with the inclusion of Sangguniang Kabataan be conducted. Another researchable area that may be considered is the development orientation among municipalities as to class and income classification. Such studies can provide more substantive information and insights into the magnitude of commitment to development values by the local leaders.