Master of Arts in Political Science

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An evaluation of the honor system of the Philippine Military Academy
(2006-03) Lumibao, Antonio Pabillo
The profession of arms requires a high standard of values that is essential in the performance of their military duties. Foremost in these values is the concept of honor and integrity. In the Philippines, the formation of values starts at the training schools of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). In the forefront is the Philippine Military Academy (PMA), a school for leaders that gives emphasis on character development. Integrity is one of the three core values of PMA (the two others are Courage and Loyalty) as emphasized in its motto and the main system that supports it is the Honor System. Through the years, changes were observed in the implementation of the system. There was an increase in honor cases during the late nineties. Moreover, the mishandling of honor cases resulted to a backlog of cases for two years. As a result, dishonor was identified in 2002 by then Superintendent General Rufo A. de Veyra as one of the three-headed menaces that afflict the Academy. The researcher intended to find out whether the Honor System has outlived its usefulness and if not, find out what measures can be done to further strengthen the system. This qualitative research is an evaluation of the Honor System of the Philippine Military Academy. Specifically, it sought answers to the following: 1. What is the profile of the Honor System of the following Academies? a. Philippine Military Academy b. United States Military Academy (Westpoint) c. United States Naval Academy (Annapolis) d. United States Air Force Academy (Maryland) 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the PMA Honor System along the following areas? a. Goals b. Ownership of the Honor System c. Reporting d. Investigating e. Adjudicating 3. What are the opportunities and threats of the PMA Honor System along the following areas? a. Goals b. Ownership of the Honor System c. Reporting d. Investigating e. Adjudicating 4. What Action Plan can be recommended to improve the Honor System of the Academy? To answer the questions mentioned above, unstructured interviews, document analysis, and the use of SWOT analysis were conducted. 1. Profile of US Academies. The results of the study showed that the problems that the Academy is encountering have been experienced and are still being experienced by the three major academies of the United States of America. The major profile of the Academies are the following: 1.a Compared to the United Staes major Academies, the Philippine Military Academy gives more leeway to the cadets in the administration of the honor code. 1.b The United States Military Academy does not solely choose from the honor committee members in the adjudication of honor cases. 1.c Thu United States Naval Academy is the only Academy that does not have a "non-toleration" clause in its honor code. 1.d The United States Air Force Academy relies heavily in the case method to indoctrinate their honor system to the cadets. 2. SW analysis. In the conduct of the SW analysis, the following were the findings: 2.a An atmosphere of trust that is felt within the community will reinforce to instill honor to the future officers. However, there is a need to address the problem of having different interpretations of the honor system. 2.b Cadets are trained to be honorable through the honor system. They however lack the investigative and adjudication skills. 2.c. Cadets need little supervision during examinations. However, there is still a need to properly indoctrinate them about the honor code. 2.d Cadets under investigation can readily answer charges and the investigation process is sound. The cadets though still need more formal training in investigative work. 2.e The ownership of the code is reinforced because cadets not only do the reporting and investigation but they are also the ones who will render the verdict. Again, they need to be trained in legal matters. 3. OT analysis. In the conduct of the OT analysis, the following were the findings: 3.a Cadets are seen to be more idealistic and the Academy can exploit this to have a positive perception of the honor system. The lack of positive role models affects how cadets view the honor system. 3.b Cadets' ownership of the honor system with little intervention from the Academy Administration sometimes results to legal problems. 3.c Influences from relatives of the cadets who have little knowledge of the honor code might interfere in cadets reporting honor violations. 3.d The negative perception of cadets' capability to administer the honor system can be addressed by proper indoctrination. 3.e Other agencies in the government can help train the cadets in investigating and adjudicating honor cases. 4. Action Plan to Improve the Honor System. The following were the major findings to improve the Honor System: 4.a The sanction of dismissal for all honor violators needs to be examined. A remediation program should be allowed on a case-to-case basis. 4.b The unanimous vote tends to weaken the honor system because of new practices of some cadets. It should be changed to 2/3" vote. 4.c For the cadets to feel true ownership of the honor system, the physical presence of a JAG officer is not necessary during honor deliberations. 4.d The final sanction should rest with the Superintendent. The following are the conclusions of this study: 1. The Honor System is still relevant to the development of character of the cadets in the different Academies. 2. The inadequate indoctrination of the PMA honor system is the number one problem facing it. 3. The administration of the adjudication stage of the honor system is the number one problem facing it. 4. The Action Plan will help improve the administration of the Honor System. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are the recommendations of this study: 1. An immediate implementation of the Action Plan to improve the Honor System be made. 2. The "pulse" of the Cadet Corps with regard to the Honor System should be continuously monitored and evaluated so that appropriate changes can be made to make it more effective and relevant to the development of character of the cadets.
An evaluation on the exercise of political rights among electorate in Balaoan, La Union
(1999-05) Casiano, Marife Mendoza
The citizens become power holders through the exercise Of their political rights such as right of suffrage in terms of election and initiative, right to form and join associations and right to information on matters of public concern. Through these, they are able to hold government officials accountable and they are able to express their needs and sentiments to the government. The citizens’ exercise of these rights, however, may vary depending on their socio-economic status and religious affiliation. They may also be prevented by some causes thereby hindering them from effectively exercising their rights. The study presented a description, comparison, analysis and evaluation on the exercise of political rights among electorate in Balaoan, La Union. It answered the following specific problems: 1. To what extent do the electorate exercise their political rights along the following dimensions: a. Right of suffrage in terms of election, b. Right of suffrage in terms of initiative, c. Right to form and join associations, d. Right to information on matters of public concern? 2. How do the exercises of political rights compare when the respondents are grouped according to: a. Socio-economic status, a.1) Income a.2) Educational attainment a.3) Occupation b. Religious affiliation? 3. To what extent do specified causes prevent the exercise of political rights? To answer the problems, the study used descriptive .method particularly descriptive-evaluative design. It utilized 390 sample population from among the electorate in Balaoan, La Union. This was determined through random sampling specifically lottery sampling technique without replacement method. Data were obtained mainly through the questionnaire. The data obtained were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted with statistical tools such as weighted means, t-test, F-test/ One-Way Analysis of Variance and Scheffe method. The findings of the study were the following. 1. The right of suffrage in terms of election is sometimes exercised by the electorate. Voting an educationally qualified candidate is exercised the most while conducting election boycott is the least exercised activity. The right of suffrage in terms of initiative is sometimes exercised by the electorate. The most exercised activity is identifying locally felt needs and problems while proposing amendments to the Constitution is the least exercised. The right to form and join associations is sometimes exercised by the electorate. Joining public organizations is exercised the most while organizing associations is the least exercised activity. The right to information on matters of public concern is sometimes exercised by the electorate. The most exercised activity is questioning rationale of government projects while securing document of any kind from government employees is the least exercised. 2. Income groups do not differ significantly in the exercise of political rights. The statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the respondents grouped according to educational attainment in the exercise of political rights. There is no significant difference in the exercise of political rights among electorate grouped according to occupation. The respondents grouped according to religious affiliation differed significantly in the exercise of right to form and join associations. The Mormon group differed significantly from the other religious groups. However, the statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the respondents in the exercise of the other political rights. 3. The exercise of right of suffrage in terms of election is moderately prevented by the specified causes. The non-significance of election ranked number 1 and the people's lack of interest ranked number 10. The exercise of right of suffrage in terms of initiative is moderately prevented by the specified causes. Ideas are not given importance ranked number 1 while fear of incurring enemies ranked number 10. The specified causes moderately prevent the exercise of right to form and join associations. High fees are collected and members are not encouraged to participate in government activities ranked number 10. The specified causes moderately prevent the exercise of right to information on matters of public concern. Belief that no justice is served on irregularities ranked number 1 while lack of time ranked number 10. Based on the major findings, the study arrived at the following conclusions: A. The electorate in Balaoan, La Union less effectively exercise their political rights. They have the tendency to exhibit subject political culture. B. There is no power struggle between the haves and have nots. They do not consider money as a potential source of power that could enhance the exercise of their rights. Education does not play a big role in elevating the people's level of awareness of their rights. However, the electors, regardless of educational attainment, are still inclined to exercise their rights if their welfare is at stake. The electorate, regardless of occupation, exercise their rights if it is cost- effective. They act positively if the perceived benefits outweigh the perceived costs. Minority religious groups that are managed by non-Filipinos tend to be more politically active in order to compensate for their status. C. The people exhibit a moderate sense of political efficacy. They are not fully confident of their ability to significantly influence government affairs. The recommendations of the study include the following: 1. The government must initiate a program on political socialization in order to create and promote desirable values and attitudes conducive to participatory democracy particularly in the exercise of political rights. It must initiate campaign to educate the people about their rights and stir them top political activism. 2. A municipal library may also be maintained where important information regarding the activities of the municipality may be showcased so that the people will he encouraged to support the endeavors of the municipality. 3. The local government may also conduct an intensive information campaign regarding the activities of the municipality for the people to support the local government. 4. The organization of the Barangay Development Council as provided in RA 7160 must he strengthened and made visible in order to organize task forces to promote citizen participation in local governance. 5. Researchers may conduct studies on the exercise of political rights among indigenous people to know whether constitutional mandates can effectively co-exist with traditional institutions.
Anti-drug campaign in the city of Candon
(2019-01) Abella, Joey I.
This study entitled “Anti-Drug Campaign in the City of Candon’ was conducted in the calendar year 2017-2018. this research was conducted in order to explore the state of the intervention programs of the locale and the partnership between the city government of Candon and the different private organizations in the implementation of the anti-drug campaign program of the national government. Three barangay of the city of Candon were chosen with the greatest number of process of persons of interest who were arrested in the government. And with the aim of strengthening the partnership of the public and private sector in advancing the objectives of the anti-drug campaign, this study aimed at understanding the weaknesses of anti-drug campaign program in the locale and recommentding a re-orientation of the effective anti-drug campaign in the locale. This study aimed to examine the anti-drug intervention programs of the city government of Candon City particularly in the three barangay namely: San Isidro, San Jose and San Nicolas. Specifically, it sought answer to the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the “persons of interest” in Candon City? 2. How does the public sector of Candon implement the anti-drug campaign program? 3. In what way does the anti-drug campaign force the partnership between the public and private sector? Interview with the willing persons of interest, representative of the barangay officials of San Isidro PNP of Candon City, representative of faith-based groups, a representative of the Sanggunian Panlungsod (SP), and a representative of the City Health Office (CHO) was the primary means of gathering data to answer the research problems. Documentary analysis and ocular inspection of the three barangay were used to validate the interview data. Based on the research problems, the following are the findings: 1. The three barangay are located within the poblacion area. There are some remote areas, warehouses, and unfamiliar persons in the community who encourage the use, sale and proliferation of drugs in the area. Most of the persons of interests are married, male, and in their 20s, 30s, and 40s. They are mostly drivers, skilled workers, and butchers. They are engaged in physically demanding manual jobs that have to be completed in long hours. And t keep them awake and energetic, they resort to using shabu and marijuana. 2. The BADAC of barangay San Isidro, San Jose and San Nicolas are organized but not all barangay officials were familiar of the BADAC’s functions and accomplishments relevent to the anti-drug campaign. The city governments of Candon City delegated the anti-drug campaign program to the PNP, BADAC, CHO and Faith-Based Organizations. The PNP, BADAC, Faith-Based Organizations and CHO have difficulty in the implementation of the programs and encountered these problems; there is no cooperation of the persons of interest; lack of resources in the implementation of the programs; and, difficulty in arresting the persons of interest. The SP members have a limited participation in the war on drugs. This is through the enactment of ordinance or resolutions when needed in the implementation of the anti-drug campaign program. 3. The public sector (city government of Candon City through the city the PNP, BADAC, CHO and barangay officials) complied with the mandate of the law by acknowledging the inclusion of representatives of the NGO and Faith-Based Organizations had been tapped in the implementation of the community Based Rehabilitation Program (CBRP), there appears to be efforts in the complying with spirit of the said law. The city government and faith-based organizations simply conduct and initiate counselling, lectures and seminar. In the light of the findings of the study, the following conclusions have been drawn. 1. Most of the persons of interests are: married; male; in their 20s, 30s, and 40s; and, mostly drivers skilled workers, and butchers who are engaged in physically demanding manual jobs that have to be completed in long hours tempting them to use shabu or marijuana to keep them awake and energetic. 2. The public sector of Candon City implements the anti-drug campaign program by observing the provisions of the spelled out the composition. Powers and functions of the BADEAC, and the Command Circular No. 2015-16, PNP Anti-Illegal Campaign Plan which spelled out the procedure to be observed in the anti-drug campaign. 3. The inclusion of the representatives of the private sector (NGOs and faith-based organization) in the BADAC and the priority given to the spiritual enhancement of the drug surrenders as a basic component of their (drug surrenders) rehabilitation is what forges the partnership between the public and private sectors in the anti-drug campaign. Based from the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations are proposed: 1. The public sector of Candon City must strengthen the intelligence network, police and BADAC visibility in the drug prone areas, and clean drive programs in the remote places of the barangay to minimize the illicit drug trade and use in the barangay. The persons of interest should stay away from using drugs. There is an alternative way to enhance and energized the body by proper exercise, healthy diet, clean living and strong faith in God to be taken care of by the CHO and faith-based groups. 2. The public should be vigilant enough to report the cases of drugs in their area. The BADACs of the locale and the Candon City PNP should step up their anti-drug education campaign in order to secure the cooperation of the public. Also, the city government and especially during the night and conduct cleaning operations in the remote or peripheral areas in the community to lessen or not to attract the entry of drugs in their barangay. 3. The public sector of BADAC must conduct a re-orientation seminar/training to the BADAC members, barangay officials, barangay tanods and residents so that they would be familiar with the functions, duties, responsibilities and procedures as implementers of the anti-drug campaign programs of the government. And the ties with faith-based organizations shall be strengthened as these faith-based organizations are committed in doing their share in rehabilitating the drug surrenders through spiritual enhancement.
Candon city constituents' understanding and acceptability of federalism in the Philippines
(2019-05) Gacusana, David M.
The form of government in the Philippines is unitary and presidential system. This has been the kind of government in the country since the time when the Spaniards colonized Philippines up to the present. However, one of the major political agenda of President Rodrigo R. Duterte when he ran for president in 2016 is to federalized the country. President Rodrigo Duterte has been pushing for a constitutional change that would allow for a shift to a federal form of government, saying this would lead to a more equitable distribution of wealth and political power throughout the regions and bring lasting peace in Mindanao. This study is undertaken to find out whether or not federalism as pushed by the national government is acceptable to the elected officials of Candon city, Ilocos Sur. The findings of this study may be used by the government as data during their consultations with their constituents. This study determined the level of acceptability of the proposed federalism in the Philippines as perceived by the constituents of Candon City, Ilocos Sur. It answered specifically the following questions: 1. what is the level of understanding of the constituents in Candon City, Ilocos Sur regarding federalism along: a. political; b. economic; c. socio-cultural; and d. peace and security? 2. what is the level of acceptability of the proposed federalism in the Philippines as perceived by the constituents of Candon City, Ilocos Sur along: a. political; b. economic; c. socio-cultural; and d. peace and security? 3. how do the local situations along the following areas relate to the acceptability of the proposed federalism in the Philippines along: a. political; b. economic; c. socio-cultural; and d. peace and security? In this study, the researcher used the descriptive method of research wherein the questionnaire was the main tool in gathering data. The respondents of this study are the constituents in the coastal, tribal and urban barangays of Candon City, Ilocos Sur. The following are the major findings of the study: 1. the level of understanding of the constituents of Candon City, Ilocos Sur on the proposed Federalism in the Philippines is revealed as “ moderately understood” with an over-all mean 3.15 along the political aspect, the mean is 3.09; closely by a mean of 3.08 for both the economic and socio-cultural aspects; and finally a mean of 2.94 on peace and order aspect. 2. The level of acceptability of elected officials and their constituents on the proposed federalism is moderately acceptable garnering an over-all mean of 3.17 along the political aspect a mean of 3.12; 3.11 along the economic aspect, a slightly higher mean of 3.27 on the socio-cultural aspect; and for the peace and security component mean of 3.17. 3. Most of the respondents favor the adoption of federal form of government as the political system in the Philippines. They said that federalism will result into more favorable political stability, economic prosperity and socio-cultural aspects in the country. It will also provide an avenue to improve the peace and order situation of the country. Though there few who are still adopt a skeptical attitude about the adoption of federalism in the Philippines. Based from the findings of the study, the following were concluded: 1. the constituents of the city of Candon, Ilocos Sur have moderate understanding of the proposed federalism in the Philippines along the political, economic, socio-cultural and peace and security aspects. 2. the constituents of the city of Candon, Ilocos Sur have moderate acceptability of the proposed federalism in the Philippines along the political, economic, socio-cultural and peace and order security aspects. 3. most of the respondents favor the adoption of federal form of government as the political system in the Philippines. They said that federalism will result into more favorable political stability, economic prosperity and socio-cultural aspects in the country. It will also provide an avenue to improve the peace and order situation of the country. The local political, economic, socio-cultural and peace and security situations in Candon City influence most of the respondents to favor the adoption of federal form of government in the Philippines. The researcher made the following recommendations based on the findings and conclusions of the study: 1. The proponents of federalism should be more aggressive in explaining well to their constituents the strengths or advantages as well as the weaknesses or disadvantages of federalism so that they will have a better idea about the proposed political system as an alternative to the present unitary form of government in the country. This may be done through a series of lecture-fora, symposia or town hall discussions to expound on the merits and demerits of federalism. These activities must be attended by all stakeholders in the community of Candon City, Ilocos Sur. 2. Since the level of acceptability of federalism is moderate among respondents in the three barangays, the strengthened in all barangays of Candon City, Ilocos Sur. Specifically, explanations and discussions must be strengthened on the socio-cultural aspects as a manner of cultural unification and integration. 3. Since majority of the interviewed respondents responded positively on the advantages of federalism to respond to local issues on political, economic, socio-cultural, and peace and security matters, series of campaigns promoting the advantages of federalism must be launched by the national and local officials who are proposing this. They can network with the educators and civil society and non-profit organizations to campaign fully for the adoption of federalism in the city. 4. Further studies should be conducted by other researchers using other sets
Clientelism and electoral politics: A case study of the local government of Mangatarem
(1994-07) Masaoay, Sonia G.
This is a case study of politics in Mangatarem, Pangasinan in specific electoral periods: 1963, 1967q 1971 and 1980 focusinq on the leadership strategies of Jorge C. Mendoza who won in the aforementioned years and was able to hold on to power for twenty two uninterrupted years. As far as evidence in this study is concerned, mayor Mendoza resorted to clientelism in the form of personalistic benefits and patronage practices. The key informant interviewing was employed in this study and the respondents were determined based on McCall's and Simmons' snowball sampling. Mangatarem’s electoral politics and Mendoza's leadership strategies were analyzed in the light of Lande's theory of clientelism. Mangatarem's electoral politics was marked by the reciprocal relationships between the voters and the leader. During elections, voters give preference to a person with whom they have some special connection or from whom they expect to retain employment, public work benefits or other forms of material incentives. Once elected, the leader will have to continue dispensing favors to his supporters in order to be elected in the future elections. Evidences in this study reveal that two factors are responsible for Mendoza' s ability to win in four election periods namely; clientelism and his leadership qualities. Clientelist or pate. Yage practices were not alien to the townspeople since they were resorted to by the mayor's predecessors. Clientelism took various forms like clientelism by “issue bandwagoning”, clientelism by persona patronage and clientelism by charisma. Clientelism by "issue bandwagoning" was a strategy wherein the mayor, in his desire to gain the peoples' mandate sensationalized issues or problems and attacked his opponents' inability to solve the same. On the other hand, he depicted himself as the man who could cure such problems. Jorge Mendoza also employed clientelism by personal patronage, which was characterized by his skillful ability to dispense favors, jobs, aids and beneficial projects such as feeder roads and bridges to his constituents. The voters in turn expressed their debt of gratitude to Mendoza through their unwavering loyalty and support during elections. Alongside these, the mayor was also judged according to his leadership qualities and his ability to maintain smooth interpersonal relationship (SIR) with the people and this could be labeled as clientelism by charisma. In a rural community like Mangatarem, the voters put premium on smooth interpersonal relations as well as the humility and good naturedness of the leader. Finally, SIR in the form of friendly words, good gestures, and the avoidance to hurt the feelings of others governed the relationship between the leader and his constituents. Clientelism, which involves the allocation of patronage resources by the leader to his constituents, still a very important factor in the choice of a leader. A leader seeking another term must maintain his image as a patron who is expected to render assistance in times of the peoples' needs, be it personal family problems or public exigencies. Lest he be forgotten by his constituents, the leader must give priority to infrastructure projects in order to leave a lasting impression upon the people. This strategy was more prevalent in the rural areas like Mangatarem because of the farmers' dependency upon the landlords who also maintained the image of patrons and as such had seeped through the mainstream of local politics. Furthermore, the voters choice of leader also hinged on their socio-economic status. Since the leader was seen primarily as a dispenser of jobs, those who belong to the lower class have the tendency to consider candidates who could uplift their living conditions. This voting behavior showed the Filipinos' personalistic orientations during elections. Leadership selection is a very important political exercise and as such it must be anchored on the capabilities of the candidates to lead the people. Mayor Mendoza was able to hold on to power because of patronage politics and the personalistic benefits he had granted to his constituents. Since these practices have corruptive effects, the following are recommended: an in-depth study on the ill effects of patronage practices in various places of the country both at the local and national levels must be conducted. Efforts must also be exerted toward=, voter' conscientization so that they may know the true essence of elect ions. Conscientization carries with it a political awareness from the people that leaders are dispensers of duties, not favors. Seminars of this kind could be a joint effort of the government and non-government organizations which must be launched at the national and local levels prior to every election. Moreover, academicians, social and political scientists must also take part in conscientizing the voters since they possess the necessary tools, scholarly training and research skills. Lastly, in order to minimize the corruptive effects of patronage practices, Philippine election laws must be strictly implemented and observed by the voters and the candidates respectively.
Demystifying the political ideas of Jose Rizal through Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
(2013-11) Balbin, Alfonso C. Jr.
Jose Rizal wrote the Noll Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo to open the eyes of his people to the grim reality of Spanish corruption and tyranny; to bare their faults woven in the narratives and proposed a two- pronged remedy, that is, through reform and revolution that would lead to the independence of the Philippines from Spain. It was precisely in his honor that the Rizal law (RA 1425) was passed in June 12, 1956. Rizal's political awakening came at the heels of a tragic event that culminated in the execution of Filipino priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora in 1872. Writing the El Fili, Rizal dedicated it to their memory as victims of injustices against which he vowed to avenge. The contemporary opinion holds Rizal vacillating between reform and revolution evinced in his novels and his stern condemnation of the popular uprising against Spain in 1896. And the seeming lack of clear endorsement for a revolutionary armed struggle to win independence from Spain even more complicated the conundrum of his political thoughts. It is believed he was never a revolutionary but a reformist to the end. Thus, the intent of the study was to examine these issues in the light of Rizal's novels and the historic period in which they written. This study aimed to demystify Jose Rizal's political ideas propounded in his novels namely Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions: 1. What political ideas of Jose Rizal are manifested through textual symbols from Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo? 2. What political ideas of Jose Rizal are manifested through character symbols from Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo? 3. How did Jose Rizal negotiate his reformist and revolutionary ideas from the texts of Noli and El Fili? The study used content analysis to gather and analyze qualitative data from Rizal's novels. It used hermeneutics primarily as method of interpretation. It also used Marxism to interpret the shreds of class contradiction among protagonists as actors in the struggle of Filipinos' nationalist past. The textual and character symbols were the units of analysis of the study. The following are the major findings of the study: 1. The textual symbols of Jose Rizal's political ideas from his novels were reforms and revolutions. In the Noli, Rizal's predominance of a revolutionary theme over reforms already concluded the futility of a peaceful campaign for reforms in Spain and began to chart the pathway of separatism. It follows that this radicalization of Rizal reflected the social turbulence in and his disillusionment to Spain. Further, the shade of class struggle in the novel was not between the ideas of reform and revolution but was between Spaniards and the Filipinos over the Philippines and the minds, will, and bodies of a colonized people. The El Fili is more political than its forerunner. The references to revolution far outweighed those of reforms in the same book and far overwhelmed the total references to revolution in the Noli. Such radicalization only reflected the prevailing mood of the time, both in the Philippines and in Spain. Among other things, anarchism spread in Europe while his family and other Calamba folks were embroiled in a vicious struggle over rent and against corruption of the Dominicans in the management of Calamba Hacienda. 2. The political ideas of reform and revolution were also expressed through character symbols in Rizal's novels. In Noli, the primary proponents of reforms are Crisostomo Ibarra and the schoolmaster, among others; while for the revolutionary movements were Elias, Crisostomo Ibarra, Tarcillo and Bruno. Thus a total of 6 characters that spoke of revolution over the 5 who debated reforms in the Noli. In Fili, the character symbols of revolution far exceeded that of reforms. 3. The political ideas of reform and revolution in Rizal's novels were negotiated as two political alternative strategies. This dichotomy of political strategies in Rizal novels had independence as its definitive goal. These were introduced in different levels of dialogues. Hermeneutically, revolution would have to be the final resort. Reform is submitted as a tactical weapon. Reform should precede things to allow a heightened consciousness of the people of their rights and duties, and to allow Spain to exit the last of her colonies with dignity. In the debate between Simoun and Basilio is no longer a debate. In the dialogue, the negotiations have already ended. The debate was no longer about whether or not a revolution was the path; it was now on how it was to be waged. Based on the findings, the following are the conclusions: 1. The political ideas of reform and revolution are contained in various textual symbols in Rizal's novels through literary mechanisms. 2. The political ideas of reform and revolution are also expressed through the voices of various characters in Rizal's novels. 3. Rizal negotiated the ideas of reform and revolution through dialogues between various textual and character symbols, and wove them into a coherent strategy with reform as a tactical weapon in support of a general strategy of separatism. Based on the findings, the following are recommended: 1. That the teaching of the Rizal course be reassessed to include with emphasis on his revolutionary strategy than his reformism as an alternative tool. 2. That the characters in the novels are mouthpieces of Rizal's political ideas of reform and revolution with independence as its ultimate aim must be re-emphasized in teaching the Rizal course. 3. That the theme of reform and revolution are suggested to be properly contextualized in public discourses and classroom discussions; that they are not contradictory ideas associated with class distinction but two complementary political alternatives. 4. That the scope of this study focused primarily on the novels, a call to include the letters, poems and other writings of Rizal for future studies grounded on historical framework is highly recommended if only to draw a more holistic picture of the Rizaline political agenda.
Development orientation and performance of first-term barangay chiefs in the city of Batac
(2018-06) Domingo, Michelle P.
The nature of development, including the strategies to attain it is dependent on what is in the mind of whoever is at the helm of leadership. This, in turn, is influenced by the leader’s values and development perceptions or orientation. According to Bautista (2003), “ the value commitments which constitute the frame of reference of administrators in assessing their behavior against societal goals have a large bearing on the behavior of administrators towards development” (p.4). This descriptive study aimed to determine the development orientation and performance of first-term barangay chiefs in the city of Batac. The population composed of 14 first-term barangay chiefs and their constituents. Data were gathered through the use of a questionnaire, and further analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study generally aimed to determine the development orientation and performance of first-term barangay chiefs in the city of Batac. It specifically answered the following questions: 1. what is the level of development orientation of first-term barangay chiefs? 2. What is the level of performance of first-term barangay chiefs with respect to their functions provided in chapter 3, section 389 of the local government code? 3. I s there a significant relationship between the level of development orientation and level of performance of first-term barangay chiefs? The data needed in this study were generated primarily through the use of questionnaire which were floated to 14 first-term barangay chiefs and constituents respondents which seek information relative to the performance of first-term barangay chiefs. This study employed the descriptive-survey design. The data were treated using weighted mean, correlation and document analysis. The following are the major findings of the study: 1. the first-term barangay chiefs of the city of Batac, Ilocos Norte have moderate development orientation. 2. The first-term barangay chiefs of the city of Batac, Ilocos Norte have a very satisfactory performance. 3. Development values such as change orientation, action propensity, concern for equity and social justice, concern for grassroots participation, decisiveness, local commitment and selflessness are not significantly related to the performance of the first-term barangay chiefs. Based on the findings, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. The first-term barangay chief respondents are moderately equipped with value commitments concerning development transformations in the community and have yet to fully internalized and thought of the development goals of the society and the strategies to attain such goals. 2. the first-term barangay chiefs have been responsive to the needs and concerns of their constituents and seem to have met the expectations of their constituents in performing their duties and functions stipulated in the Local Government Code. 3. The level of development does not seem to influence the performance of first-term barangay chiefs. The level of performance of barangay chiefs could have been influenced by other factors such as statistical explanation due to limited number of respondents, demographic characteristics, barangay chiefs managerial capabilities along planning, organizing, directing and controlling and the western concept of development. In relation to the findings and conclusions of this research, the following are recommended: 1. Policy makers in the Department of Interior and local Government academy, as well as other concerned authorities involved on governance or trainings workshops to strengthens the commitments to developments values such as change orientation, action propensity, concern for equity and social justice, concern for grassroots participation, decisiveness, local commitment, and selflessness among barangay chiefs particularly first-term. 2. The first-term barangay chiefs should continuously attend to capability enhancement training to maintain their very satisfactory performance and need to plan and implement into the items which are lacking in the State of the Barangay Governance report, like the establishment of Botika ng Barangay and the regular conduct of sports Festival among the youth. 3. Even though the level of development orientation does not influence the performance of the first-term barangay chiefs, it is recommended to study other attributes to managerial capabilities of barangay chief or factor that affect the performance of barangay chiefs. 4. The attached Training Framework for Development Orientation values ( see appendix a) for first-term barangay chiefs which the researcher has developed is being recommended for all municipalities to consider support to the present capability enhancement programs provided to the newly-elected local officials. 5. The DILG and other concerned institutions including the academe that offers public administration or rural development degree programs should design training programs on how to assist barangay chairmen in maximizing their potentials. The DILG can sponsor capability training program to make the barangay chiefs more development oriented, and thus enhance their effectiveness and efficacy as development administrators. Professors in the field of public administration and rural development can deliver lecture on governance and sustainable development. 6. It is recommended that further studies on development orientation among local leaders with the inclusion of Sangguniang Kabataan be conducted. Another researchable area that may be considered is the development orientation among municipalities as to class and income classification. Such studies can provide more substantive information and insights into the magnitude of commitment to development values by the local leaders.
Dispute processing under the katarungang pambarangay in La Trinidad, Benguet
(2001-05) Dullona, Eloisa Madariaga
Barangay justice reflects the Filipino tradition of amicably settling disputes to preserve peace and harmony in the community. The Katarungang Pambarangay Law is the manifestation of this aspiration. The major purpose of this study was to assess dispute processing under the Katarungang Pambarangay Law in the Municipality of La Trinidad, Province of Benguet. Specifically, answers to the following problems were sought: 1. What is the level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa in: a. Procedures in Amicable Settlement b. Jurisdiction 2. what is the degree of seriousness of the problems encountered in dispute processing? 3. What is the success rate in: a. Decongestion of Court Dockets b. Settlement of Court Referrals. The study made use of the descriptive-survey method of research with survey questionnaires as data gathering tools. The respondents were the 133 lupon members of the 10 Lupong Tagapamayapa of La Trinidad, Benguet. The weighted mean, frequency and percentage rating, and standard deviation were used in the treatment of data. The findings of the study are as follows: 1.a.1.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on commencement of the settlement of a dispute was described as "always comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on the commencement of the settlement of a dispute were described as "always comply" except the provision on the payment of filing fees. The level of compliance of the lupon to the provision on the payment of filing fees was described as "often comply." 1.a.2.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on notifying the disputants was described as "often comply." The provisions on notifying the disputants generally earned a level of compliance described as "always and often comply." However, the provision involving the filing of a motion at the Municipal Trial Court earned a level of compliance described as "seldom comply." 1.a.3. The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on conciliation proceedings was described as "often comply." The provisions on conciliation proceedings generally earned a level of compliance described as "always and often comply." However, the provision initiating a prosecution of perjury against any one of the disputants who repudiates the agreement earned a level of compliance described as "seldom comply." 1.a.4.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on arbitration proceedings was described as "often comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on arbitration proceedings were described as "often comply" except the provision on the signing of arbitration awards. The level of compliance of the lupon to the provision on the signing of arbitration awards was described as "always comply." 1.a.5. The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on the constitution of the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo was "often comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on the constitution of the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo was described as "often comply." 1.b. The study showed that cases involving Estafa, Theft, Altering Land Boundaries, Slight Physical Injuries, Robbery and Unjust Vexation were ranked highly by the lupon members as cases they have encountered and handled during their term. However, the study also showed that the lupon members also settle private crimes, and cases involving grave threats, grave physical injuries, attempted/frustrated homicide and murder, homicide, and, reckless imprudence resulting to grave physical injuries and homicide. 2. The Lupong Tagapamayapa of La Trinidad, Benguet perceived the problems they encountered in dispute processing as "moderately serious". The problems encountered in dispute processing generally earned a degree of seriousness described as "moderately and not serious." However, the problem on the lack of financial incentives for lupon members earned a degree of seriousness described as "serious." 3.a The Lupong Tagapamayapa was 87.98% successful in decongesting the court dockets by settling 732 cases out of the total 832 cases filed before the Barangay Court. 3.b The Lupong Tagapamayapa was 50.57% successful in settling court referrals by settling 44 cases out of the total 87 cases referred to the Barangay Court. Based on the findings, the following conclusions were made: 1.a. The Lupong Tagapamayapa often complied with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement. b. The Lupong Tagapamayapa did not comply with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on case jurisdiction. 2. The problems encountered by the Lupong Tagapamayapa were perceived as "moderately serious" to have affected dispute processing in La Trinidad, Benguet. 3.a. The Lupong Tagapamayapa was successful in decongesting the court dockets. b. The Lupong Tagapamayapa was moderately successful in settling court referrals. The following recommendations are forwarded: 1. For the Department of the Interior and Local Government to propose amendments to the Katarungang Pambarangay Law regarding a clear distinction among conciliation, mediation and arbitration; to review the case jurisdiction of the Lupong Tagapamayapa; and to give additional means of evaluation to check the proper implementation of the law; and other kinds of incentives for the lupon members. 2. For the local government of La Trinidad, Benguet, the Department of Justice and the Department of the Interior and Local Government to conduct orientation-workshops on the actual conduct of an amicable settlement and on case jurisdiction of the Lupong Tagapamayapa. 3. For a study to be conducted to focus on the compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa on Case Jurisdiction in order to validate the findings of this study, to evaluate the success of the lupon in settling these cases, and to propose a listing of cases to be included or excluded in the lupons' case jurisdiction. 4. A replication of the study be undertaken in consideration to various factors, among others, urban and rural differentials and the quality of justice dispensed by the Lupong Tagapamayapa.
Effect of the enhanced-comprehensive local integration program in the life of the former rebels
(2024-07) Baguiwen, Rhufa Banez
This study is to determine the effect of the Enhanced0-comprehensive local integration program (E-CLIP) in the life former rebels in Mountain Province. Specifically, it sought to answer the following: 1. what is the effect of the E-CLIP on the former rebels in terms of their: a. economic status; and b. social status/relations? 2. what are the challenges in implementing the E-CLIP as experienced by the: a. rebel-beneficiaries; and b. government implementers?
Everyday politics of contract of service and job order employees in DMMMSU
(2021-11) Ballesteros, Jefferson M.
Contractual, temporary, or casual employment is a practice for organizations all over the world. It is a strategy to enhance competitiveness and to maintain low costs. The International Labor Organization (ILO) calls contractual employment as non-standard employment (NSE) because it is not the usual employment. In the Philippines, contractual employment is practiced in both private and public sector. In the public sector, they are either contract of service (COS) or job order (JO) employees. The state universities and colleges employ COS and JO employees, and Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University (DMMMSU) is no exemption. The study explored the everyday politics of COS and JO employees with the intention of bringing to light their sentiments through their lived experiences along the following areas: motivating factors of staying in the job as COS and JO employees, implementation of the CSC Joint Circular No. 1 s. 2017, and their coping mechanisms with the challenges that they encounter as contractual employees. It is hoped that through these shared lived experiences, DMMMSU will review its policies and revise what ought to be in order for it to become a healthier and productive organization. The study explored the lived experiences of the COS and JO employees of DMMMSU. Specifically, the study answered the following questions: 1. What are the factors that motivated the COS and JO employees to apply for and keep on renewing their contract of service and job order work at DMMMSU? 2. In what varied ways did the COS and JO employees of DMMMSU experience the implementation of the CSC Joint Circular No. 1 s. 2017 and other rules and regulations along the following areas: a. term of contract, renewal of contract, eligibility and other qualification requirements; b. job description and organizational involvement; c. compensation and social benefits? 3. How did the COS and JO employees of DMMMSU cope with the challenging experiences they had from the implementation of the CSC Joint Circular No. 1, s. 2017 and other rules and regulations? The study used a qualitative-phenomenological research design to understand the nature of everyday politics among the contractual employees of DMMMSU and to understand their lived experiences under the implementation of circulars and rules and regulations that govern the nature of their employment. Three campuses of Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University namely, North La Union Campus at Bacnotan La Union (NLUC), Mid-La Union Campus (MLUC) at San Fernando La Union and South La Union Campus at Agoo La Union (SLUG) were involved in this study. There were fourteen (14) participants, twelve COS and JO employees and two from the DMMMSU Administration. The data gathering instrument used was a semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions to enable the participants to give in-depth answers. The participants were interviewed; the data were processed, coded, and analyzed. Themes were identified and extracted from the shared lived experiences. Based on the research problems, the following are the findings: 1. Most of the participants from the COS and JO employees of DMt4MSU originally worked with the private sector. They all experienced unpleasant treatment from heads and regular employees in varied degrees, disappointments regarding awarding of plantillas, and lesser benefits than regular employees. However, the motivating factors that directed them to apply then later on keep on renewing their being COS and JO employees of DMMMSU are those that were missing in their previous workplaces. These are job security, awarding of plantilla item, fast and valuable promotions, flexible work schedule, compensations and benefits, and personal and professional growth and development. 2. a. Along the area of Term of Contract and Eligibility, the COS and JO employees were fully aware that they did not have the full credentials before they applied. Some of them did not even have the minimum requirement of civil service eligibility yet they still applied. Once they were hired, although as contractual employees with fewer benefits and overloaded with work, they were given opportunities to fulfill the qualification requirements for regular employees. Among these benefits include scholarships for graduate studies, seminars and training for their professional growth and development as well as a time to review for the civil service examination for those who did not have a civil service eligibility. b. Along the area of Job Description and Organizational Involvement, there appeared to be inadequate orientation about their regular tasks and the organizational culture of giving contractual employees a heavy workload and additional tasks that are outside their regular work. They realized that in order for them to secure their contractual employment, they need to know about the organization culture though such may be disadvantageous to their well-being like the bureaucratic red tape, tolerating unfair and hostile treatment from some of the regular employees and superiors, obeying without any question their heads and memos that were forwarded to them, submission of requirements in a short notice, and inconsistent implementation of certain policies. All of these affected the contractual employees' morale and organizational involvement. c. Along the area of Compensation and Social Benefits, the contractual employees experienced work overload and overtime but without a corresponding monetary compensation. As contractual employees, the payment of their salaries was also delayed and they also have limited social benefits if compared with their regular counterparts. And when they avail of scholarships or attend seminars or trainings, they shoulder the cost first and expect the reimbursement once the budget is released. 3. Given the challenges of work overload without a corresponding monetary compensation, unfair treatment from some regular employees and heads, bureaucratic red tape, inconsistency in the implementation of policies, and always pleasing their superiors, the contractual employees coped with these challenges by adopting some of the practices within the same organization where they had complaints. These coping mechanisms include the observance of patronage, pasipsipan, and plastikan. They also tend to depend on monetary loans. On the other hand, their positive coping mechanisms include a heightened perseverance and commitment to the job, taking advantage of Professional Development Benefits, trusting on the fulfillment of the promised plantilla item, and resistance against unfairness. Based on the findings, the following are the conclusions: 1. The factors that motivated the COS and JO employees to apply for and keep on renewing their contractual employment at DMMMSU are compensations and benefits, better work status and condition which includes flexible work schedule and job security, and opportunities for professional growth and development. 2. In the implementation of CSC Joint Circular No. 1 s. 2017 and other rules and regulations, the lived experiences of COS and JO employees of DMMMSU are: a. Along the area of terms of contract and eligibility, they experienced the consequences of contractualization of labor. b. Along the area of job description and organizational involvement, they experienced unpaid additional tasks, being at the mercy of superiors, prejudicial and unfair treatment, prevalence of red tape, and improper or inconsistent implementation of policies and regulations. c. Along the area of compensation and social benefits, they experienced additional tasks with no corresponding compensation and delayed payment of compensation. 3. The COS and JO employees' coping mechanisms with their challenging experiences from the implementation of CSC Joint Circular No. 1 s. 2017 and other rules and regulations were: heightened perseverance and commitment to the job; patronage, pasipsipan, plastikan; dependence on loans; taking advantage of Professional Development opportunities; trusting the fulfillment of the promised regularization of employment; and resistance against unfairness. Based on the findings, the following are recommended: 1. The identified factors that make the COS and JO employees stay in the job shall be sustained. However, there is a need for DMMMSU to review and validate the identified issues along each of the factors in order for it to improve its policy implementation and to enhance the quality of life of its employees who are working under the employment status of contractual and job order. In addition, the highlighted feelings and sentiments of the COS and JO employees shall not be dismissed easily but be considered as essential information to be used in developing programs and policies for employee welfare. Appendix G may be reviewed and considered. 2. a. To address the issues concerning contracts and eligibility, it is recommended that the institution conduct benchmarking to extract best practices on how to support contractuals in achieving permanent status faster. Policy development on the strict implementation of contract specifications and agreements is also recommended. b. In relation to the issues along the area of job description and organizational involvement, it is recommended that standardization of assignment and promotion be enforced to do away with discretion of superiors. c. To address the issues along the area of compensation and social benefits, the strict enforcement of the CSC Joint Circular No. 1 s. 2017 is recommended as well as the strict implementation of the faculty handbook to make sure that the faculty and staff be compensated for the load that are assigned to them, that extra or overload be regulated, and for the staff, that overtime or extra duties be compensated. 3. In relation to the issues on coping mechanisms, it is recommended that a venue for the employees in the form of a support group such as an apolitical faculty club or association be formed for them to voice out their opinions and concerns without the fear of not being considered for promotion or regularization. This support group will also cater to the welfare of the COS and JO employees as regards prejudice or unfair treatment. 4. Further studies on everyday politics should be conducted especially with regard to policy development. Additional studies are also recommended on contractualization and regularization on different aspects, such as the work-life balance, impact on the economy, impact on the labor sector, and other similar issues.
Factors in the political participation of college students
(1997-02) Martinez, Brenda Cruz
This study focused on the participation of college students in the political process. Officers of the supreme student government were chosen as respondents since they were perceived to be more active in politics than the other students, electoral activity and voting behavior were the indices used to measure political participation. The influence of the family or parental influence and mass media exposure were measured to find out how they affected the political participation of a respondent. Questionnaires were given to officers of the Supreme Student Government of the different schools in Baguio City. Before the data were treated, the method of summation was used in order to know the real score of each item in the questionnaire. Percentage difference was then used to know the relationship between political participation as the dependent variable and mass media exposure and parental influence as the independent variables, respectively. Test variables included age, gender, type of community respondent is from, course and year level. There is no significant relationship between political participation and parental influence; the Faine is true with the relationship between politic81 participation and mass media exposure. However, if test variables are introduced in determining their relationship, then there would be a considerable change in their relationship. Using year level as a test variable between political participation and parental influence yielded an insignificant relationship. Gender, age, course and type of community respondent is from provided a significant relationship between the two variables mentioned above. Gender, year level and course as test variables gave a significant relationship between political participation and mass media exposure; age and type of community did not affect the relationship of the dependent and independent variables. Parental influence and mass media exposure can be considered as factors of political participation only If test variables are introduced in determining the relationship between the former variables. Gender, age, course and type of community affect the relationship between political participation and parental influence; gender, year level and course affect the relationship between mass media exposure and political participation. Gender is a test variable which affects the relationship both between parental influence and political participation and mass media exposure and political participation. This is specially true in the case of “females.” It is therefore highly recommended that organizers of NGs, especially women groups, take measures to make women more aware of their role in politics. This can even lead to the realization of a women’s vote in the future. A voters education program may be set up by the government to raise the political awareness of the people. The youth should be trained on their civic, communal and political rights and duties. People’s groups can be organized to present issues which can be done hand in hand with mass media.
Factors influencing the selection of branch of service by the Philippine Military Academy cadets
(2003-09) Ramos, Francisco Tandog
Unlike other service academies, Philippine Military Academy(PMA) produces regular officers who are distributed in the three major service branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) namely: Philippine Army(PA), Philippine Navy(PN), and Philippine Air Force(PAF). The distribution of officers in the different branches of service is done while they are still cadets and on the basis of cadets' preference .However, due to the quota set forth by higher headquarters for the number of cadets joining in each branch of service, the proportional distribution of cadets in the different branch of service is not realized. Knowing and understanding the various factors and their influence on the selection of branch of service is important in improving the distribution of cadets in the different branches of the AFP. Improved recruitment policies that capitalize on the perceived factors may balance the distribution of cadets on the basis of their preferences. This study aimed to find out the factors that influence the selection of branch of service by the cadets of Philippine Military Academy. The specific problems answered in the study were: 1. What are the factors that influence the selection of branch of service of cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005? 2. What is the extent of influence of the following factors to the members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 with regard to the selection of their branches of service? a. social b. economic c. personality 3. How do the following factors, social, economic, and personality differ as to their influence on the selection of branch of service of the cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005 when grouped according to: a. age b. ethnicity 4. How does the selection of branch of service differ according to: a. age b. ethnicity c. gender The study made use of the descriptive survey method of research. Survey questionnaires coupled with Informal interviews were used as data gathering tools. The study was conducted among the entire members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005. Frequency counts, ranking, weighted mean, t-test, one way analysis of variance and Chi-square test were used in the treatment of data. Spearman's rank correlation and Kendall coefficient concordance were also used to measure the association of ranked factors. The following were the major findings of the study: 1. The main social factors influencing the selection of branch of service of cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005 were inspiration from somebody who is from the same branch of service, prestige, and unique socio-cultural tradition of the service. On economic factors, both classes shared two identical factors. One is a stable and more secure means to support their family and the other is wide range of opportunities when the cadets go out of the service. Class 2004 chose easier access to monitor and support their family as one factor while class 2005 identified attractive fringe benefits as the other factor. As far as personality factors, both classes mentioned managerial/leadership interest and competence, service to society, and thrill on field life and experience as the most influential factors. 2. Social factors had less influence on the selection of branch of service by cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005; economic factors had strong influence on those who are joining in the Navy and the Air Force but had les influence for those going to the Army. Personality factors had strong influence to those joining either in the Army, Navy, or Air Force. 3. The influence of social, economic, and personality factors do not differ significantly when cadets are grouped according to age and ethnicity. 4. The selection of branch of service differ significantly according to gender but not with age and ethnicity. Based on the findings, these conclusions were drawn: 1.The members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 are influenced by almost the same social, economic, and personality factors. 2. Social, economic and personality factors induced the same level of influence on the choice of members of PMA' classes 2004 and 2005 when grouped according to their branch of service. However, the strong influence of economic factors made some members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 preferred Navy and Air Force as their branch of service. 3. Age and ethnicity grouping do not have significant effect on the extent of influence of social, economic and personality factors in the choice of branch of service by cadets. 4. The preference for a branch of service is not influenced by age and ethnicity grouping of the cadets. However, gender influenced the choice significantly. Based on the study the following recommendations are offered: 1. PMA in particular and the AFP in general may capitalize on the identified social, economic, and personality factors in their recruitment of prospective applicants. 2. The Department of Ground Warfare of Tactics Group, PMA should find means to offset the strong influence of economic factors which drive a lot of cadets to prefer Navy and Air Force as their branch of service. The Army officers might as well strengthen their image as role models and drum up the feeling of prestige and emphasized service to society as an implied task of the Army in order to draw more cadets to volunteer in that branch of service. 3. The Higher Headquarters have to push and make representations for the enactment of law that would increase the amount of P240/month combat pay being received by the Army personnel to be more or less at par with the flying pay of the Air Force and sea duty pay of the Navy which is equivalent to 50% and 25% of their base pay, respectively. It may also be appropriate to provide more incentives for Army men in order to win over more quality personnel to volunteer in that branch. 4. The Department of Leadership Development, Tactics Group, PMA has to formulate a written policy if there is still none or modify existing policy on the distribution of cadets in the different branches of service so that unequal distribution of cadets on the basis of their academic standing has to be minimized if it can not entirely be avoided. 5. A replication of this study involving the performance in the field of the officers who joined in their preferred branch of service and those who joined in the service not of their preference may be undertaken. Another study may be conducted to study the feasibility of establishing separate academies for the Army, Navy, or Air Force with the end in view of doing away with the practice or tendency of assigning an officer to a branch of service not actually his own preference or primary choice.
Gender stereotyping in Philippine television commercial
(2019-07) Ramos, Vanessa A.
Gender stereotyping is high in the Philippines, assuming that the equality is the basis of comparison for gender stereotyping and that stereotyping is more prevalent when advertising deviates more from gender equality (Eisend, 2010). Hence, this study aimed to analyze the representation of men and women in the selected Philippines television commercials. The general objective of the study is to find out the gender stereotyping that are reflected in the selected Philippine television commercials in terms of setting, language, characters, endorser/voiceover, over product category and to discover how do the respondents recognized the gender stereotypes in the selected Philippine television commercials in terms of personality trait, gender/occupational role. The core intention of this study was to examine the gender stereotyping in selected Philippine television commercials. Specifically, it sought answers to the following research queries: 1. What gender stereotyping exists in selected Philippine television commercials in terms of: a. Setting b. Language c. Character d. Endorser/ Voiceover e. Product Category 2. How do the respondents recognize the gender stereotyping in the television commercials in terms of: a. Personality trait b. Occupational/ gender role c. Physical Appearance This study utilized a quality method of research, content analysis and reception analysis which included an adopted questionnaire for senior high and college students, a group discussion for students on October 2018. To treat the data, the following were sued; first, to analyze the reflected gender stereotype in the selected Philippine television commercials, content analysis was used having the following elements: settings, language, characters, endorser/voiceover, product category. Second, to determine how did the participants recognized the gender stereotype in the selected Philippine television commercials in terms of personality trait, occupational/gender role, and physical appearance. Based on the findings, the following conclusions are formulated: 1. Gender stereotyping through personality traits had been most evident in the selected Philippine television commercials in the elements of character, setting and language. 2. The respondents of the group interview believed that the television commercials shown to them clearly depicts gender stereotype through the depiction of gender roles and that most of the participants had decoded the message having a negotiated position. Based on the findings, the following are recommended: 1. There is an obvious need to address the nature of advertising and ideological are still prevalent in the advertising content. The commercial content does not accurately represent society, nor does it adopt fair, unbiased representations of men and women. Research continually exposed this fact, but it is obvious that little or no change has occurred. The ideal solution would be to dispose the use of stereotypes completely, however this will only be taken away, if the key techniques that advertisers employ to make contact with audience is more realistic approach and to call for more accurate representations or rather more positive stereotypes. Not all stereotypes are negative, and advertisers can employ this counter-act the use of negative gender stereotypes. The government and media owners should support efforts concerned with the representation of women in the media that aim to raise awareness among journalists and other media professionals. 1. The government and other concerned institution should support initiatives that aspire to increase the understanding of how gender is constructed, reconstructed and contested in media discourse and the ideological implementations involved for gender transformation as well as the development of the Philippine society. 3. A wider sample should have been used in this study, as these findings are significant, yet they cannot be generalized to wider population. More concentration should have also been given to performing the qualitative analysis on a larger sample number of advertisements. 4. Future research must work towards creating a more balanced account of both male and female. This research proved that separating the two is next to impossible. The result be a more holistic study that takes into account in equal measures for both the sexes. 5. Further research might also consider a longitudinal study in which advertising content looks at representations across a certain period. A longitudinal time frame would accommodate any changes in trends and patterns. 6. A module on gender development are employed in the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics could be provided to the teachers who will teach the said subject.
Implementation of Republic Act 9485 San Fernando City, La Union
(2019-12) Manabat, John Carlo A.
It is the policy of the state to promote integrity, accountability, proper management of public affairs and public property as well as to establish effective practices aimed at the prevention of graft and corruption of the government. The Anti-red tape Act of 2007 was the first legislation in the Philippines to establish a minimum standard in accessing frontline government services with the over all intention to increase transparency and to promote honesty and responsibility in the government service deliver At present, the City Government of San Fernando's vision pursues a people’s economically and socially empowered, with a vibrant economy, disaster resilient communities and competent leaders espousing fair play. To check whether the current administration is truly adhering to their City's vision which is said to be rooted in integrity, inclusiveness, and innovation, the researcher is then prompted to determine the extent of implementation of the Anti-Red Tape Act in the most visited offices of the City Government of San Fernando, and to analyze how the feedback mechanisms help in the strengthening of the implementation of ARTA. This study aimed to examine the implementation of R.A. 9485 (Anti-Red Tape act of 2007) in the City of San Fernando, La Union. Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions: 1. What is the extent of implementation of R.A. 9485 as assessed by the employees and the clients along the following areas: a. Citizen's Charter; b. Anti-Fixing Campaign; c. No Noon Break Policy; d. ID/Nameplates; e. Public Assistant and Complaint Desk; f. Frontline service providers; and g. Service Quality? 2. How do the feedback mechanisms enhance the implementation of R.A. 9485? This study used descriptive-survey research design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative approach was used to interview, documentary analysis and observation, while quantitative approach was used through the survey questionnaire. Based on the research problem, the following are the findings: 1. The respondents and clients provides a very Highly implemented high rating for all of the four offices in two areas namely No Noon Break Policy and ID/ Nameplates. Meanwhile, only OCA received a highly implemented rating as compared to the Very Highly implemented rating of the three other offices in the remaining five areas (Citizen’s Charter, Anti-Fixing Campaign, Public Assistance and Complaint Desk, Frontline Service Providers, and Service Quality) 2. The City Government of San Fernando, La Union uses two types of feedback mechanisms, one is a manual feedback form, while the other is through social media and a digital platform. These feedback mechanisms not only provide specific evaluations of a particular service, but its process also guarantees the resolution of the concerns or complaints filed by a client. Based on the findings, the following are the conclusions: 1. The extent of implementation of RA 9485 as assessed by the employees and the clients is Very Highly Implemented for all the seven areas (Citizen's Charter; Anti-Fixing Campaign; No Noon Break Policy; ID/Nameplates; Public Assistance and Complaint Desk; Frontline Service Providers; and, Service Quality). 2. The feedback mechanisms serve as an authentic tool to improve the quality of service of the City Government. Based on the findings, the following are recommended: 1. The City Government should spearhead capability enhancement programs on areas of their discipline and on behavior through a series of seminars and workshops for their continuing development and improvement of quality of service. LEBDO must conduct a workshop in crafting a more comprehensive approach for their Anti-fixing Campaign. OCA must develop a strategical program or a project that will streamline the transaction procedure to reduce the time needed for the completion of the service. CHO and REG must be reoriented with the policy of wearing IDs/Nameplates. For all the offices, it is also advised to have a seminar and workshop on the customization of the Citizen's Charter to address the public's concern regarding the readability and presentation of this document, and a seminar as well on the creation of an appropriate working schedule to assure the implementation of no noon break policy. 2. The City Government should develop an anti-red tape committee that will monitor the implementation of the provisions of the Anti-Red Tape Act, and facilitate the feedback management system, both written and digital, for quality assurance and streamlining of duties. The same committee shall continue and reinforce the existing programs that improves the service quality such as the integrated queueing system, the one-stop-shops and the various feedback mechanisms. The committee should also oversee the compliance of the ARTA provisions regarding the presentation of the Citizen's Charter, wearing of IDs, adherence to no noon break policy, and the establishment of public assistance and complaint desks. The ARTA committee should present a uniform template of presentation of the Citizen's Charter, develop strategies that deal with the clients' concerns such as the establishment of public assistance and complaint desks and the promotion of hotline numbers in every office, and impose sanctions on the noncompliance with the ARTA provisions. Lastly, the ARTA committee shall recommend the inclusion of feedback from the clients in the evaluation and ranking of the employees.3. The researcher recommends a study that will determine the correlation of the implementation of the provisions of the Anti-Red Tape Act and the level of Citizen's Satisfaction to identify if there is a relationship between implementation of the provisions and the satisfaction of the clients regarding the services provided by the offices.
Mainstreaming gender and development programs in the University of Northern Philippines
(2019-07) Javier, Cid Ancheta
Gender mainstreaming is major strategy for ensuring that the government pursues gender equality in all aspects of the development process in order to achieve the vision of a gender-responsive society where women and men equally contribute to and benefit from development. In response to GM, the University of Northern Philippine integrated GAD mainstreaming to all its major functions as a manifestation to the its commitment to the government's mandate in mainstreaming gender in the national agenda. Hence, this study has been conceptualized. As maiden journey on the issue of gender equality, the researcher conducted the study with the intent of determining the extent of mainstreaming GAD programs of the University of northern Philippines. This study aimed to describe the Gender and Development (GAD) mainstreaming of the University of Northern Philippines. Specifically, it sought answers to the following problems: 1. What is the level of compliance of the University of Northern Philippines (UNP) with the Gender and Development programs along the areas of: a. policies and governance; b. human and material resources, and c. enabling mechanisms? 2. What are the Gender and Development programs, activities and projects of UNP along the following areas: a. curriculum development; b. instructional materials development; c. research; d. extension and community services; and e. information, education and campaigns? 1. The level compliance of the University of Northern Philippines with the Gender and Development programs along the areas of policies and governance, human and material resources, and enabling mechanisms is high based on the overall weighted mean of 3.69. 2. The Gender and Development (GAD) programs, Activities and Projects of University of Northern Philippines are integrated in the curriculum, instructional materials development, research, extension and advocacy. In the light of the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. The University of Northern Philippines (UNP) highly complied with GAD programs in terms of policies and governance, human and material resources, and enabling mechanisms. 2. The GAD programs, activities and projects of University of Northern Philippines are visible and promising enough to place the GAD perspective as an integral in the functions of the university. The conduct of GAD related researches, however, are limited. In relation with the findings and conclusions of this research, the following recommendations are forwarded: 1. The University of Northern Philippines may finalize the formulation of the GAD Code to guarantee stronger institutionalization of GAD in the level of the policies, planning, curriculum, research, extension, infrastructure, and budget. 2. The University should continue developing its personnel as GAD advocates and resource persons at local, national and international levels. 3. Strengthen the GAD mainstreaming effort in the fourfold function of the university through maximization and utilization of GAD budget as required by government. 4. Materials for GAD advocacy and instruction may be continuously upgraded and developed by both faculty and students. 5. A GAD building may be constructed to strengthen existing GAD enabling mechanism such as the Center for GAD, GAD Resource Center, GAD Training Center, wellness facilities for faculty and personnel and children's nursery. 6. Further studies may be conducted on GAD mainstreaming along the general education and professional courses to generate baseline information along this field.
Performance of executive powers among punong barangays in Benguet
(1997-03) Bacuso, Malcom P.
The study is focused on the presentation and analysis' of the performance level of powers and functions among punong barangays in Benguet. Along this line, the problems encountered in the performance of powers and functions were identified. The foregoing areas considered, their corresponding implications on local governance were brought out. The study sought to present the performance :level of executive powers among punong barangays in Benguet. Specifically, the study is concerned with the questions: What is the performance level of executive powers of the punong barangays in: a. agricultural barangays, and b. non-agricultural barangays? What are the problems encountered in the performance of powers by the punong barangays in a. agricultural barangays, and b. non-agricultural barangays? 3. Is there a significant difference between the performance level and the problems encountered by the punong barangays in agricultural and non-agricultural barangays in the following areas: a. enforcement of laws; b. delivery of basic services; c. cooperative undertakings; d. preparation of budget; e. human resource development; f. local legislation, and g. judicial administration? The study covered 40 punong barangays as respondents. They are classified into two categories: agricultural punong barangays (35) and non-agricultural punong barangays (5). Data had been gathered using performance checklists, self-administered questionnaires and, interviews. The performance of powers and the problems encountered thereon were presented and analyzed within the purview of R.A. 7160 respecting the barangays. The data gathered were treated using statistical tools like frequency counts and ranking. The same data were further tested using t-test and Friedman Rank Test. The performance level of powers by the punong barangays is descriptively average. This is true in both agricultural and non-agricultural barangays. Specifically, the punong,; barangays are moderately low in the enforcement of laws. cooperative undertakings, human resource development and local legislation. But they are above average in the delivery of basic services, preparation of budget and judicial administration. The top most problems encountered by the punong barangays in the perfcTmance of their powers are inadequacy of funds and resources, inadequacy of training and expertise, lack of support from the higher levels of government and from the residents. These problems are present in both groups of harangays. In particular, inadequacy of funds is the outstanding problem. The data gathered and analyzed in this study disclosed the following conclusions: 1. The performance level of executive powers in both agricultural and non-agricultural barangays is the same. Hence, the economic status of the barangays does not affect the performance of powers. 2. Except in the area of human resource development, the problems encountered by the punong barangays in the performance of powers are the same in both categories of barangays. Therefore, the economic condition of the barangays is immaterial to the performance of powers. 3. There is no significant difference between the performance level and the problems encountered by the punong barangays in agricultural and non-agricultural barangays, except in human resource development insofar as the problems are concerned. 4. Inadequacy of funds is a major problem in the governance of the barangays. Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered: 1. There is a need to upgrade and improve the performance level of powers by the punong barangays in Benguet, specifically in the areas of enforcement of laws, cooperative undertakings, human resource development and barangay legislation. 2. There is a need to increase the financial resources of the barangay government so that the punong barangays will perform their powers and functions more effectively. 3. Similarly there is a necessity to improve and enhance the linkages between and among barangay governments, other LGUs, NGOs and POs. 4. Finally, there is a need to upgrade the knowledge of the punong barangays in local governance. The study is limited to the descriptive analysis of the performance level of executive powers and the Problems encountered thereon by the punong barangays. Therefore, the following are recommended areas for further study: 1. Performance of legislative powers and the problems encountered thereon by the members Of the sangguniang barangays. 2. Performance of powers and functions and the problems encountered by appointive barangay officials like the secretary and treasurer. 3. Performance of powers in the barangays of other provinces particularly in the Cordilleras. 4. Overall administrative capability of the barangay governments to deliver basic services.
Performance of the mandatory barangay appointive officials in Middle Quezon Hill
(2008-01) Baltazar, Ma. Theresa Marayag
On October 10, 1991 former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991. Former President Fidel V. Ramos elucidates that this landmark legislation empowers the barangays by enabling them to enforce laws, maintain public order, ensure delivery of basic services and promote general welfare. The barangay, as seen from the Local Government Code, has its own set of officials that implement authority within the community. Section 387 of the Code presents that a barangay is to be directed by elective officials, namely: a punong barangay, seven (7) sangguniang barangay members, and a sangguniang kabataan chairman, and by mandatory appointive officials, namely: a barangay secretary and a barangay treasurer. These officials, under the captainship of the punong barangay, are expected to provide quality service to the constituents of the barangay. However, reviewed local studies give the implication that the barangay's accomplishments are often attributed to the punong barangay: his competency and proficiency are essential facets in the attainment of both national and local development goals. Frequently, the role played by the mandatory appointive officials is left unnoticed. Their performances are not appraised, and their needs are not noted. It is with this basis that this study has been pursued in order to evaluate the performance of the mandatory appointive officials of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill, the 2006 Most Outstanding Barangay in the City of Baguio. It sought to appraise the level of improved performance of the mandatory appointive barangay officials in Middle Quezon Hill. Specifically, the study sought answers to the following problems: 1. What is the performance level of the barangay secretary along the following areas: a. Custody of barangay records b. Preparation of forms or reports c. Submission of reports d. Auxiliary functions Hypothesis: There is an outstanding level of performance of the barangay secretary along the following areas: a. Custody of barangay records b. Preparation of forms or reports c. Submission of reports d. Auxiliary functions 2. What is the performance level of the barangay treasurer along the following areas; a. Custody of barangay funds and properties b. Preparation of financial reports c. Collection and issuance or receipts d. Disbursement of funds e. Certification of availability of funds f. Submission of reports g. Attendance in rural postal circuit Hypothesis: There is an outstanding level of performance of the barangay treasurer along the following areas: a. Custody of barangay funds and properties b. Preparation of financial reports c. Collection and issuance or receipts d. Disbursement of funds e. Certification of availability of funds f. Submission of reports g. Attendance in rural postal circuit 3. To what extent is the contribution of the mandatory appointive barangay officials to the outstanding performance of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill? Hypothesis: There is an improved level of performance from Satisfactory to Outstanding in the following: a. delivery and submission of quality barangay reports or forms and financial statements to the appropriate offices and to the clients; b. punctual delivery and submission of barangay reports or forms and financial statements to the appropriate offices and to the clients; c. display of improved personality The study employed the descriptive method of investigation. Data of these research problems were obtained using questionnaires, interview, and documentary analysis. The data gathered were tallied, categorized, and subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. The statistical tools used were percentage, weighted mean, t-test, and F test through the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Based on the research problems, the following were the findings: 1. A. As per evaluation of the barangay officials, the following were arrived at: a. The barangay secretary has an outstanding performance in all her tasks regarding custody of records. b. The barangay secretary had an outstanding performance with regard to preparation of forms and reports. c. An average rating of very satisfactory was given to the barangay secretary in terms of submission of reports. d. The barangay secretary has been outstandingly performing her duties considered as auxiliary functions. B. As per evaluation of the barangay residents, the following are the findings: a. The resident respondents claimed that they were very satisfied with how well the barangay secretary personally dealt with them. b. There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the respondents on the personality of the barangay secretary when they are grouped according to gender. This clearly revealed that the male and female residents of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill have the same perception on the personality of the barangay secretary. c. There are significant differences among the mean ratings of the respondents when they are grouped according to age. The older the respondents the higher are the ratings they gave. d. The secretary of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill has a very satisfactory performance of her duties. e. There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the respondents on the performance of duties of the barangay secretary when they were grouped according to gender. f. There are significant differences among the mean ratings of the respondents when they were grouped according to age. 2. A. The barangay officials' evaluations are as follows: a. The barangay treasurer has been outstandingly performing her duties regarding custody of barangay funds and properties. b. The barangay treasurer has been performing her duties regarding preparation of financial reports very satisfactorily, on the average. c. The barangay treasurer is believed to be performing outstandingly her duties regarding collection and issuance of receipts as evaluated by the barangay officials. d. The barangay treasurer has been performing her duties regarding submission of reports outstandingly. e. The barangay treasurer has been doing other related functions very satisfactorily. B. The barangay residents' evaluations are as follows: a. The barangay treasurer has a very satisfactory display of good personality. b. There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the respondents when they were grouped according to gender. c. There are significant differences in the mean ratings of the respondents when they were grouped according to age. d. The barangay treasurer does a very satisfactory performance of her duties as evaluated by the resident respondents. e. Regardless of gender, the residents of Barangay Middle Quezon Hill be that the barangay treasurer has been performing her duties very satisfactorily. f. There are significant differences in the mean ratings of the respondents when they were grouped according to age. 3. As to the level of improvement within the last five years, the following are the findings: a. There is a very satisfactory level of improvement of the performance of the functions of the barangay secretary according to the barangay officials. Considering the four different functions, there is an outstanding improvement of the performance in two of them; such functions are custody of records and auxiliary functions. There is a very satisfactory improvement in the other two functions namely submission of reports and preparation of forms and reports. b. The barangay treasurer had a very satisfactory improvement regarding her performance of her functions. Considering her specific functions, she was believed by the barangay officials to have improved outstandingly in the preparation of financial reports and in the collection and issuance of receipts. She has a very satisfactory improvement regarding the following functions: attendance in rural postal circuit, certification of availability of funds, custody of barangay funds and properties, submission of written reports, and disbursement of funds. c. Considering the personality and performance of duties of the barangay secretary and barangay treasurer, the mean ratings suggest a very satisfactory improvement on the personality and performance of duties of both the barangay secretary and barangay treasurer as evaluated by the residents. In the light of the findings of the study, the following are the conclusions: 1. With the exception of submission of reports where she is rated very satisfactory, the barangay secretary outstandingly performs all her duties stated in the Local Government Code as perceived by the barangay officials of Middle Quezon Hill. On the other hand, the barangay residents perceived that there is still room for improvement since they rated the barangay secretary's performance as very satisfactory. 2. The barangay of perceived that the barangay treasurer needs to further her knowledge and skills on the preparation of financial reports, disbursement of funds, certification of availability of fund:;, and attendance in rural postal circuit since she is rated very satisfactory in these areas. On the other hand, they perceived that she excels in the collection and issuance of receipts and submission of reports since she is performing outstandingly in these areas. The barangay residents perceived that the barangay treasurer can still further her knowledge and skills in the discharge of her functions and in dealing with the clients since she is evaluated very satisfactory in these areas. 3. The barangay residents perceived that within the last five years, both the barangay secretary and the barangay treasurer improved very satisfactorily in the performance of their official and auxiliary functions. This improvement contributed significantly to the outstanding performance of the barangay. The mandatory appointive officials aided the punong barangay and the barangay council in the preparation of reports and documents that were used as bases of evaluation when the barangay participated for the search for the best performing barangays in 2006. In relation with the findings and conclusions of this research, the following are the recommendations: 1. The barangay secretary and the barangay treasurer of Middle Quezon Hill must further their knowledge in terms of documentation and records filing or storing. 2. Barangay captains must always accord support and encouragement to their mandatory appointed officials. 3. The Barangay Affairs Office and the Association of Barangay Secretaries and Association of Barangay Treasurers must push through with their plan of looking for agencies or non government organizations that will sponsor the search for the best performing barangay secretary and barangay treasurer. 4. The Association of Barangay Secretaries and the Association of Barangay Treasurers must double their efforts in sponsoring seminars or trainings for the mandatory appointive barangay officials for the improvement of their knowledge and skills. 5. A study on the factors that motivate barangay secretaries and barangay treasurers to work maybe conducted. 6. A study on the performance of barangay secretaries and barangay treasurers of Baguio City may also be conducted.
Political climate and student activism in selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City, 1997-1998
(1999-03) Taliping, Mary Jane B.
The study evaluated the influence of political climate on student leaders' activism among selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the school year 1997-1998. It analyzed the degree of influence and difference of degree of influence of the factors of political climate namely, campus issues or problems, community issues or problems and ideology of student movements. It likewise investigated the extent of achievement of the aims of student activism in promoting socio-political consciousness, promoting better interpersonal relations between teachers and students; reconciling administrative policies and student demands; introducing reforms in the institution; and furthering community involvement. The descriptive-evaluative method was utilized using the descriptive-survey technique. 1. Political climate was very influential on student leaders' activism in selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the academic year 1997-1998. 2. The student leader activists significantly achieved in the promotion of socio-political consciousness, reconciliation of administrative policies and student demands, introduction of reforms in the institution and furtherance of community involvement. 3. There is a significant difference of the factors of political climate only in terms of quantitative value. 1. Ideology is very influential on student leaders' activism among selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the school year 1997-1998. 2. Student leader activists are more focused in the promotion of socio-political consciousness and furtherance of community involvement. 3. Ideology is significantly higher than the other factors of political climate. 1. The administration to pay careful attention to politics and decision-making and interact with student leader activists through serious minded and intellectual dialogues without being too quick in disregarding their emotional stances. 2. The faculty to unceaselessly ideologize students on the rule of law which is in layman's language, is the rule of fair play. 3. The student leaders to: a. promote socio-political consciousness to expose the illnesses of the society in search for remedies. b. promote better interpersonal relations between teachers and students with due consideration of the proper representatives of the educational institution to whom the educator sought employment. c. reconcile administrative policies and student demands by exhausting all reasonable and lawful means with the objective of entering to an agreement with school administrators which will be beneficial.to the institution as a whole. d. introduce reforms in the institution always with the backings or support of the elders within the institution and not with the proddings of other interest groups in the community. e. further community involvement by eyeing at more attentively on the issues or problems within the locality before undertaking regional or national issues or problems. f. systematize the filing of records of the ideologically oriented student movements and student councils for assessment of performances after an academic year. g. broaden the definition of campus repression to include not only suppression of students' basic rights by the school administration but also acts of prevention by student leader activists in the exercise of fundamental rights of non-striking students to education, due process and academic freedom. 4. The students not to be blinded by "false" activists hiding under the cloak of "personal interests". 5. The future researches on: a. Document analysis of ideologically oriented movements. b. Alliances of student movements with other support groups. c. Comparative study on student activism between state-owned and private (sectarian and non-sectarian) tertiary institutions. d. Repetition of the study using both student leaders and followers as respondents with the same variables. e. Qualitative research that would focus on the behavioral aspect of student activists. f. Analysis of the profile of student leader activists based on age, number of years as an activist, number of years as a student, organizational rank and academic affiliations.
Political efficacy and social media political participation of Filipino student voters
(2024-07) Cadelina, Kathlyn Princes Visitacion
The main aim of this study was to examine the level of political efficacy and extent of social media political participation of student voters. Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions: 1. What is the level of student voters' political efficacy according to: a. gender; b. age; and c. college enrolled in? 2. What is the extent of student voters' social media political participation according to: a. gender; b. age; and c. college enrolled in? 3. What is the relationship between the level of political efficacy and the extent of social media political participation of the student voters?
Political engagement of the youth in Banaue, Ifugao
(2021-03) Bunaton, Jezeebel Bana-ao
All throughout the world, the population of young people is drastically increasing giving a chance to each individual to prove how participation would bring about the change that is expected to happen. In the Philippines, research revealed that there is an equal number of youth who claim to be active members of different youth organizations which suggest that they are not ignorant of the social problems and inequalities of the society. Sarmiento and Ignacio (2015) said that the young people are given opportunities to be politically active through organizing events and rallies. But instead of being indulged as the future leaders, youth become active critics of the government. They express themselves with subversive style that tends to weaken the political system and the government. The chronicles of the Philippine nation is the history of youthful aspirations for change. Some of the major figures of the Philippine struggle of independence from Spain had barely reached adulthood when they produce their bravest deeds. According to Velasco (n.d) Jose Rizal published his novel Noli Me Tangere (which meant "Touch Me Not") that exposed the abuses of the Spanish clergy in 1866 when he was just 25 years old. Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto who were founders of the insurgency movement began organizing the resistance to the colonial state when they were in their twenties. Bonifacio's wife, Gregoria de Jesus was just 21 years old when she joined the nationalist struggle in 1896. And Emilio Aguinaldo was only 29 years old when the flag of the First Philippine Republic was unfurled in 1898 and he assumed presidency. However, despite the progressive language of empowerment and participation, patronage, class and elite politics continue to undermine Philippine democratization. But despite such flaws, researches revealed that there is an equal number of youth who claim to be active members of different youth organizations which suggest that they are not ignorant of the social problems and inequalities of the society. Moreover, becoming involved in transforming the youth's needs into policies, programs and reforms is an altogether different issue. In the municipal level, there are forces limiting youth participation. For example, it is difficult to promote participation when community agencies view young people as passive recipients of service rather than as competent citizens. Participation is also limited when adults treat the youth as inferior and disregard their potential because their age, instead of encouraging them to participate more, the dominant view of the young people as being withdrawn or disengaged lowers expectations. The research aims to better understand general elections and voter's political participation, voting behavior, community involvement, enhancement of knowledge, reasons for voting in elections and the qualities of a political candidate that the youth preferred. This study was conducted in relation to the young people's participation, awareness, and effectiveness to contribute in nation building. This study aims to determine the extent of participation of the youth in the democratic process, the reason for voting in elections and the qualities of a good political candidate. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:1. What is the extent of participation of the youth in the democratic process in terms of: a. voting behavior b. community involvement c. enhancement in political knowledge. 2. What are the reasons of the youth for voting in the elections? 3. What are the endearing qualities of the candidates the youth preferred? The following are the major findings of the study: 1. Voting behavior indicators of the youth is described as moderate participation. 2. Community involvement of the youth during election is described as moderate participation. 3. The youth's enhancement of political knowledge is described as moderate participation in the general elections. 4. The sense of being a responsible citizen was the main reason of the youth in voting during elections. 5. The youth preferred a candidate who is trustworthy. In the view of the foregoing, the following inferences are drawn: 1. It can be concluded that the youth of Banaue, Ifugao are moderately active in terms of political participation. Their voting behavior and enhancement in political knowledge is described as moderate participation while their community involvement resulted into weak participation. 2. Young people generally participated in elections because they believe that it is part of their civic duty as responsible citizens. While political parties serve as vehicles for stability and good governance, young voters of Banaue, Ifugao pay a little emphasis of the candidate's political affiliation but instead, they focus more on supporting a relative or a friend that is running for public office. 3. Young voters of Banaue, Ifugao preferred a political candidate who is trustworthy, has accomplishments and good track record while a candidate belonging to a well-known family and physical appearance are not considered by the youth as personal qualities in choosing their candidate in the past 2016 National and Local Elections. Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations are presented: 1. Results revealed that the youth participation in the democratic process is described as moderate with a numerical value that is considered low. It is therefore recommended that leadership training programs for the youth, awareness campaigns during election season, establishment of youth councils or organizations aside from the SK and finally, SK projects should be assessed for sustainability for a higher number of youth participation.2. It can be observed from the results that the main reason of the youth in voting for the past National and Local Election is due to the fact that it is part of their civic duty as a responsible citizen. It is therefore recommended that the Local Government Unit of Banaue, Ifugao should lay out or construct other activities and programs that would strengthen the participation of the youth like sponsoring them international forum or training. 3. The study revealed that discussing political issues with other people has a moderate involvement. Therefore, it is recommended that young people should encompass a healthy society where diversity is accepted, where the free minds are accorded the opportunity to develop. In such society, various points of view compete in the marketplace. Where criticism is not equated with treason. 4. The study has shown that participation in the democratic processes is important for personal development and proper representation. Having the right to participate should be seen as source of strength and opportunity for local communities. It is therefore recommended that the young people should have a positive perspective about politics and encourage other young people to involve themselves in activities that directly or indirectly affect their lives. 5. In terms of further research, it is recommended that the same study may be replicated in other municipalities of the province of Ifugao to validate findings of present research or to explore, evaluate other variables or factors that may affect the youth engagement in democratic processes. A comparative study can be carried out using a different and broader respondents and coverage by other researchers. And finally, a separate research on the voting behavior, civic engagement and enhancement of political knowledge in members of the private sector.