Master of Arts in Political Science

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    Social services and environmental management in San Juan, La Union
    (2019-05) Rodriguez, Dulce M.
    Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991 states that the barangay is the basic political unit. As a basic political unit, the barangay plays a vital role in governance in the country being a political subdivision of the national government; in planning and implementing the government programs, basic services, projects, and activities. It also serves as the forum in which the collective views of the people in the community maybe crystallized and considered. The barangay, being the third tier of the government, has been recognized as an institution capable of delivering the basic services as complementaries to human development and provides environmental protection to secure the health and sanitation of the people. Under section 17 of the Local Government Code of 1991, each barangay is mandated to provide services and facilitates such as health and social welfare services, which include maintenance of barangay health centers, services and facilitates for general hygiene and sanitation, beautification and solid waste collection, and infrastructure facilities like sports centers. The aim of the study was to determine the Social Services and Environmental Management in the selected barangays in San Juan, La Union. Specifically, the study sought answers to the following questions: 1. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the selected barangays in the areas of: a. Health and Nutrition; b. Education, Culture and Sports; and c. Environmental Management? 2. What are the measures to sustain the strengths and remedy the weaknesses of the selected barangays? The following were the major findings of the study: 1.a In terms of Health and Nutrition, both barangays had adequate number of Barangay Health Workers and Barangay Nutrition Scholar stationed in the barangay health center and advocated programs responsive to the needs for their constituents such as operation timbang, oplan food supplementation, dissemination of IEC materials regarding dengue, rabbies, orientation regarding expanded program on immunization (EPI), “4S” for dengue prevention, and senior citizen program. b. In terms of Education, culture, and sports, both barangays had established barangay day care center where the barangay day care program was implemented, and conducted cultural and sports activities. c. In terms of environmental management, barangay Urbiztondo and barangay cabaroan implemented the clean and green program, maintained sewerage or drainage canal through their organized barangay ecological and solid waste management committee. 2.a. In terms of health and nutrition, allocation of budget is the most identified measure to sustain their strengths and remedy their weaknesses. B. In terms of education, culture and sports, continuous allocations budget, and construction of additional room, toughen linkages and coordination with the Department of Education were the measures to sustain their strengths and remedy their weaknesses. C. In terms of environmental management, the identifies measures to sustain the strengths and remedy the weaknesses were the continuous conduct of clean-up drive, strong partnership with the constituents, increase level of awareness of the people through social media, implementation and enforcement of different ordinances relative to solid waste management, posting of signages, establish linkage with the Surfer’s club, conduct of tree planting, establish eco-park per purok, and formulate solid waste management plan. In light of the findings of the study, the following are the conclusions.: 1.a. In terms of health and nutrition, the strengths of Barangays Cabaroan and Urbiztondo are presence of health and nutrition implementers, barangay health center, and advocated health and nutrition programs; while their weaknesses are absence of both botika ng barangay, public comfort room, and communal garden. B. In terms of education, culture, and sports, the strengths are presence of barangay day care center, implemented day care program, and conducted cultural and sports activities; while their weaknesses are absence of information, learning and reading center, and alternative learning system. c. In terms of environmental management, barangay Urbiztondo is strong in almost all areas except support to conversion program, formulation of barangay solid waste management action plan while Cabaroan is strong in the same areas with Urbiztondo except in the areas where it is weak: enactment of ordinance on solid waste management, implementing waste segregation and volume control, garbage collection scheme, and materials recovery facility. 2.a. In terms of health and nutrition, the measures undertaken to sustain the two barangays’ common strengths are continuous allocation of budget and continuous dissemination of information; while the measures undertaken to remedy the common weaknesses on botika ng barangay, public comfort room and communal garden are allocation of budget, distribution of toilet bowls, linkage with the Municipal and provincial government, cooperation and collaboration with the 4Ps, and distribution of deep-well. B. In terms of education, culture and sports, the measures undertaken to sustain the two barangays’ common strengths are continuous allocation of budget; while the measures undertaken to remedy their common weaknesses are construction of additional room, looking for donors of books and reading materials, provided internet, coordination with the DepEd, and encouragement of the out-of-school-youth. C, in terms of environmental management, the measures undertaken to sustain the two barangays’ common strengths are conduct of clean-up drive activity, increase the awareness of the people through social media, and strong partnership with the constituents; while the remedies undertaken by barangay Cabaroan being the barangay which has weaknesses in this are of establishment of 3R’s policy, requires trash bins, a needed for enactment of ordinances/ resolution for waste segregation, increase information dissemination, provision of receptacles for each type of waste, implement “ batog ko, linis ko”, continuous clean-up drive and require compost pit for each households, and allocate budget for MRF. In relation with the findings and conclusions of this research, the following are recommended: 1.a. In terms of health and nutrition, both barangays should intensify their programs, policies, projects, and activities to include other needs of the constituents in line with the mandate of providing quality of life to the constituents. B. In terms of education, culture and sports, both barangay may encourage parents to help them in sourcing out of funds in order to provide the lacking needs of the barangay. C. Both barangay should formulate a barangay solid waste management plan as their basis in the identification of the strategies, initiatives and activities to be undertaken in the implementation of the solid waste management Act of 2000 or RA 9003. 2.a. In terms of health and nutrition, both barangays should sustain and continue their programs, projects, and activities because these are instrumental in providing quality of life of the constituents; while their weaknesses should further improve by tapping the Department of Health, Provincial Government, Municipal Government, and other linkages because these are causal to the development of a healthy lifestyle of the constituents. B. in terms of education, culture and sports, both barangays should sustain their strengths because these are primary in the total development of human being, thus the barangay officials of both barangays will continue to support their programs, projects, and activities through continuous allocation of budget; while their weaknesses continuous should be improved because these will help in the development of mental abilities for individuals and out-of-school-youth through the assistance of the department of Education. C. In terms of environmental management, both barangays should sustain their strengths by showing their commitment, and sincerity to encourage direct involvement, cooperation and sense of ownership because these are contributory to the attainment of a healthier, cleaner and greener environment while for their weaknesses, both barangays should overcome these by imposing their political will to attain the optimum level of performance of the barangay, 3.a the proposed policy on award system for the selected barangays is humbly recommended for review and consideration. B. this present study may serve as encouragement and motivation for future researchers to conduct a similar study to include more indicators, and use other methods to validate and broaden further the results of the present study.
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    Political motives and leadership qualities of local political elites
    (2015-04) Ramos, Flordeliza V.
    The elites in politics is one important topic in the field of Political Science. It has been a consistent subject of studies by writers and scholars because of these elites'" great part in the fife and history of every society. In the Philippines, there are political elites who did excellent job as leaders. There are also political elites who abused their powers in the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the government. Leaders' motives and their qualities became a recent issue in the country. It is ironical that top officials from the elites and who are considered as the best and finest are the ones- facing different cases and criminal charges. It is the researcher's aim that while in the process of this study, it will be a time for evaluation and learning for the politic(ii elites, their subordinates and constituents. This will also make the electorate get to know whom they have voted or will vote in the coming elections. The result of this study will also help aspiring leaders in preparing them to possess necessary qualities would be beneficial in the pursuit of good governance. This research focused on determining the motives and leadership qualities of the local political elites of Salcedo, Ilocos Sur. Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions: 1. What are the motives of each municipal official in entering politics? 2. How are the local political elites described as to their leadership qualities in relation to the transformational and transactional leadership model? 3. How do the following variables relate to the development and practice of transactional and transformational leadership? a. Socio-economic status i. Educational attainment ii. Income/wealth b. Length of service "The researcher made use of the descriptive method and the case study approach for this research:. The researcher conducted a semi-structured interview with the key informants and also looked at documents including officials' profile with their economic record and minutes of meetings The multi-factor leadership questionnaire was administered to the respondents and the researcher got the average score of each political elites in the transformational and transactional leadership qualities. The following are the major findings of the study: 1. The Municipal Mayor, Vice - Mayor and seven (7) Sanguniang Bayan members are economically stable and one(l) Sanguniang Bayan member declared that he is not economically stable. 2. The political elites of Salcedo got a higher average score in transformational leadership qualities than transactional leadership qualities. Two of the political elites got a relatively low score in transformational leadership qualities than the other political elites. 3. The Municipal Mayor, Vice Mayor and six (6) Sanguniang Bayan members are college graduates, two of them with post-graduate units and college undergraduate and the other two (2) Sanguniang Bayan members did not reach college. The Sanguniang Bayan members who did not reach college got a relatively low score in the transformational leadership qualities. Nine (9) of the political elites are socio-economically stable and only (1) is not economically _table, The. Municipal Mayor and the eight (8) Sanguniang Bayan members had been in the local politics of Salcedo for more than five years while it is the second year of the Municipal Vice Mayor. In light of the findings of the study, the following are the conclusions: 1. The Municipal Mayor of Salcedo Ilocos Sur, Vice Mayor and seven (7) Sanguniang Sayan Members have a "live for" motive in politics and only one political elite has a "live off" motive in politics. 2. All of the local political elites of Salcedo, Ilocos Sur have transformational leadership qualities than transactional leadership qualities. 3. Educational attainment of the local political elites of Salcedo is significant in developing transformational leadership qualities while wealth and income and length of service are not factors in developing neither transformational nor transactional leadership qualities. In relation with the findings and conclusions of this research, the following are recommended: 1. Since nine (9) of the ten (10) political elites of Salcedo, Ilocos Sur are already considered to have "live for" motive in politics and only one (1) has "live off" motive, the leadership could take an action to help their colleagues to find ways to have source of income other that what politics can give him. 2. Since all of the local political elites of Salcedo ranks higher in the transformational leadership qualities than transactional, these local government officials should sponsor a seminar on transformational and transactional leadership that for all municipal employees and to all barangay workers so that they could equally possess this quality as they serve. 3. Since higher education can be a factor to develop transformational leadership qualities, local government officials are encouraged to get short courses on leadership or public administration. 4. Further research can be done on different political elites of the municipalities of Ilocos Sur, and all leaders around the country. 5. A study focusing on the relationship of educational attainment and length of service in the development of transformational and transactional leadership qualities can be done. 6. A contextualized material on transformational and transactional leadership qualities can be developed primarily for the political elites in the Philippines.
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    Gender stereotyping in Philippine television commercial
    (2019-07) Ramos, Vanessa A.
    Gender stereotyping is high in the Philippines, assuming that the equality is the basis of comparison for gender stereotyping and that stereotyping is more prevalent when advertising deviates more from gender equality (Eisend, 2010). Hence, this study aimed to analyze the representation of men and women in the selected Philippines television commercials. The general objective of the study is to find out the gender stereotyping that are reflected in the selected Philippine television commercials in terms of setting, language, characters, endorser/voiceover, over product category and to discover how do the respondents recognized the gender stereotypes in the selected Philippine television commercials in terms of personality trait, gender/occupational role. The core intention of this study was to examine the gender stereotyping in selected Philippine television commercials. Specifically, it sought answers to the following research queries: 1. What gender stereotyping exists in selected Philippine television commercials in terms of: a. Setting b. Language c. Character d. Endorser/ Voiceover e. Product Category 2. How do the respondents recognize the gender stereotyping in the television commercials in terms of: a. Personality trait b. Occupational/ gender role c. Physical Appearance This study utilized a quality method of research, content analysis and reception analysis which included an adopted questionnaire for senior high and college students, a group discussion for students on October 2018. To treat the data, the following were sued; first, to analyze the reflected gender stereotype in the selected Philippine television commercials, content analysis was used having the following elements: settings, language, characters, endorser/voiceover, product category. Second, to determine how did the participants recognized the gender stereotype in the selected Philippine television commercials in terms of personality trait, occupational/gender role, and physical appearance. Based on the findings, the following conclusions are formulated: 1. Gender stereotyping through personality traits had been most evident in the selected Philippine television commercials in the elements of character, setting and language. 2. The respondents of the group interview believed that the television commercials shown to them clearly depicts gender stereotype through the depiction of gender roles and that most of the participants had decoded the message having a negotiated position. Based on the findings, the following are recommended: 1. There is an obvious need to address the nature of advertising and ideological are still prevalent in the advertising content. The commercial content does not accurately represent society, nor does it adopt fair, unbiased representations of men and women. Research continually exposed this fact, but it is obvious that little or no change has occurred. The ideal solution would be to dispose the use of stereotypes completely, however this will only be taken away, if the key techniques that advertisers employ to make contact with audience is more realistic approach and to call for more accurate representations or rather more positive stereotypes. Not all stereotypes are negative, and advertisers can employ this counter-act the use of negative gender stereotypes. The government and media owners should support efforts concerned with the representation of women in the media that aim to raise awareness among journalists and other media professionals. 1. The government and other concerned institution should support initiatives that aspire to increase the understanding of how gender is constructed, reconstructed and contested in media discourse and the ideological implementations involved for gender transformation as well as the development of the Philippine society. 3. A wider sample should have been used in this study, as these findings are significant, yet they cannot be generalized to wider population. More concentration should have also been given to performing the qualitative analysis on a larger sample number of advertisements. 4. Future research must work towards creating a more balanced account of both male and female. This research proved that separating the two is next to impossible. The result be a more holistic study that takes into account in equal measures for both the sexes. 5. Further research might also consider a longitudinal study in which advertising content looks at representations across a certain period. A longitudinal time frame would accommodate any changes in trends and patterns. 6. A module on gender development are employed in the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics could be provided to the teachers who will teach the said subject.
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    Factors influencing the selection of branch of service by the Philippine Military Academy cadets
    (2003-09) Ramos, Francisco Tandog
    Unlike other service academies, Philippine Military Academy(PMA) produces regular officers who are distributed in the three major service branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) namely: Philippine Army(PA), Philippine Navy(PN), and Philippine Air Force(PAF). The distribution of officers in the different branches of service is done while they are still cadets and on the basis of cadets' preference .However, due to the quota set forth by higher headquarters for the number of cadets joining in each branch of service, the proportional distribution of cadets in the different branch of service is not realized. Knowing and understanding the various factors and their influence on the selection of branch of service is important in improving the distribution of cadets in the different branches of the AFP. Improved recruitment policies that capitalize on the perceived factors may balance the distribution of cadets on the basis of their preferences. This study aimed to find out the factors that influence the selection of branch of service by the cadets of Philippine Military Academy. The specific problems answered in the study were: 1. What are the factors that influence the selection of branch of service of cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005? 2. What is the extent of influence of the following factors to the members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 with regard to the selection of their branches of service? a. social b. economic c. personality 3. How do the following factors, social, economic, and personality differ as to their influence on the selection of branch of service of the cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005 when grouped according to: a. age b. ethnicity 4. How does the selection of branch of service differ according to: a. age b. ethnicity c. gender The study made use of the descriptive survey method of research. Survey questionnaires coupled with Informal interviews were used as data gathering tools. The study was conducted among the entire members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005. Frequency counts, ranking, weighted mean, t-test, one way analysis of variance and Chi-square test were used in the treatment of data. Spearman's rank correlation and Kendall coefficient concordance were also used to measure the association of ranked factors. The following were the major findings of the study: 1. The main social factors influencing the selection of branch of service of cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005 were inspiration from somebody who is from the same branch of service, prestige, and unique socio-cultural tradition of the service. On economic factors, both classes shared two identical factors. One is a stable and more secure means to support their family and the other is wide range of opportunities when the cadets go out of the service. Class 2004 chose easier access to monitor and support their family as one factor while class 2005 identified attractive fringe benefits as the other factor. As far as personality factors, both classes mentioned managerial/leadership interest and competence, service to society, and thrill on field life and experience as the most influential factors. 2. Social factors had less influence on the selection of branch of service by cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005; economic factors had strong influence on those who are joining in the Navy and the Air Force but had les influence for those going to the Army. Personality factors had strong influence to those joining either in the Army, Navy, or Air Force. 3. The influence of social, economic, and personality factors do not differ significantly when cadets are grouped according to age and ethnicity. 4. The selection of branch of service differ significantly according to gender but not with age and ethnicity. Based on the findings, these conclusions were drawn: 1.The members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 are influenced by almost the same social, economic, and personality factors. 2. Social, economic and personality factors induced the same level of influence on the choice of members of PMA' classes 2004 and 2005 when grouped according to their branch of service. However, the strong influence of economic factors made some members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 preferred Navy and Air Force as their branch of service. 3. Age and ethnicity grouping do not have significant effect on the extent of influence of social, economic and personality factors in the choice of branch of service by cadets. 4. The preference for a branch of service is not influenced by age and ethnicity grouping of the cadets. However, gender influenced the choice significantly. Based on the study the following recommendations are offered: 1. PMA in particular and the AFP in general may capitalize on the identified social, economic, and personality factors in their recruitment of prospective applicants. 2. The Department of Ground Warfare of Tactics Group, PMA should find means to offset the strong influence of economic factors which drive a lot of cadets to prefer Navy and Air Force as their branch of service. The Army officers might as well strengthen their image as role models and drum up the feeling of prestige and emphasized service to society as an implied task of the Army in order to draw more cadets to volunteer in that branch of service. 3. The Higher Headquarters have to push and make representations for the enactment of law that would increase the amount of P240/month combat pay being received by the Army personnel to be more or less at par with the flying pay of the Air Force and sea duty pay of the Navy which is equivalent to 50% and 25% of their base pay, respectively. It may also be appropriate to provide more incentives for Army men in order to win over more quality personnel to volunteer in that branch. 4. The Department of Leadership Development, Tactics Group, PMA has to formulate a written policy if there is still none or modify existing policy on the distribution of cadets in the different branches of service so that unequal distribution of cadets on the basis of their academic standing has to be minimized if it can not entirely be avoided. 5. A replication of this study involving the performance in the field of the officers who joined in their preferred branch of service and those who joined in the service not of their preference may be undertaken. Another study may be conducted to study the feasibility of establishing separate academies for the Army, Navy, or Air Force with the end in view of doing away with the practice or tendency of assigning an officer to a branch of service not actually his own preference or primary choice.
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    Implementation of Republic Act 9485 San Fernando City, La Union
    (2019-12) Manabat, John Carlo A.
    It is the policy of the state to promote integrity, accountability, proper management of public affairs and public property as well as to establish effective practices aimed at the prevention of graft and corruption of the government. The Anti-red tape Act of 2007 was the first legislation in the Philippines to establish a minimum standard in accessing frontline government services with the over all intention to increase transparency and to promote honesty and responsibility in the government service deliver At present, the City Government of San Fernando's vision pursues a people’s economically and socially empowered, with a vibrant economy, disaster resilient communities and competent leaders espousing fair play. To check whether the current administration is truly adhering to their City's vision which is said to be rooted in integrity, inclusiveness, and innovation, the researcher is then prompted to determine the extent of implementation of the Anti-Red Tape Act in the most visited offices of the City Government of San Fernando, and to analyze how the feedback mechanisms help in the strengthening of the implementation of ARTA. This study aimed to examine the implementation of R.A. 9485 (Anti-Red Tape act of 2007) in the City of San Fernando, La Union. Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions: 1. What is the extent of implementation of R.A. 9485 as assessed by the employees and the clients along the following areas: a. Citizen's Charter; b. Anti-Fixing Campaign; c. No Noon Break Policy; d. ID/Nameplates; e. Public Assistant and Complaint Desk; f. Frontline service providers; and g. Service Quality? 2. How do the feedback mechanisms enhance the implementation of R.A. 9485? This study used descriptive-survey research design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative approach was used to interview, documentary analysis and observation, while quantitative approach was used through the survey questionnaire. Based on the research problem, the following are the findings: 1. The respondents and clients provides a very Highly implemented high rating for all of the four offices in two areas namely No Noon Break Policy and ID/ Nameplates. Meanwhile, only OCA received a highly implemented rating as compared to the Very Highly implemented rating of the three other offices in the remaining five areas (Citizen’s Charter, Anti-Fixing Campaign, Public Assistance and Complaint Desk, Frontline Service Providers, and Service Quality) 2. The City Government of San Fernando, La Union uses two types of feedback mechanisms, one is a manual feedback form, while the other is through social media and a digital platform. These feedback mechanisms not only provide specific evaluations of a particular service, but its process also guarantees the resolution of the concerns or complaints filed by a client. Based on the findings, the following are the conclusions: 1. The extent of implementation of RA 9485 as assessed by the employees and the clients is Very Highly Implemented for all the seven areas (Citizen's Charter; Anti-Fixing Campaign; No Noon Break Policy; ID/Nameplates; Public Assistance and Complaint Desk; Frontline Service Providers; and, Service Quality). 2. The feedback mechanisms serve as an authentic tool to improve the quality of service of the City Government. Based on the findings, the following are recommended: 1. The City Government should spearhead capability enhancement programs on areas of their discipline and on behavior through a series of seminars and workshops for their continuing development and improvement of quality of service. LEBDO must conduct a workshop in crafting a more comprehensive approach for their Anti-fixing Campaign. OCA must develop a strategical program or a project that will streamline the transaction procedure to reduce the time needed for the completion of the service. CHO and REG must be reoriented with the policy of wearing IDs/Nameplates. For all the offices, it is also advised to have a seminar and workshop on the customization of the Citizen's Charter to address the public's concern regarding the readability and presentation of this document, and a seminar as well on the creation of an appropriate working schedule to assure the implementation of no noon break policy. 2. The City Government should develop an anti-red tape committee that will monitor the implementation of the provisions of the Anti-Red Tape Act, and facilitate the feedback management system, both written and digital, for quality assurance and streamlining of duties. The same committee shall continue and reinforce the existing programs that improves the service quality such as the integrated queueing system, the one-stop-shops and the various feedback mechanisms. The committee should also oversee the compliance of the ARTA provisions regarding the presentation of the Citizen's Charter, wearing of IDs, adherence to no noon break policy, and the establishment of public assistance and complaint desks. The ARTA committee should present a uniform template of presentation of the Citizen's Charter, develop strategies that deal with the clients' concerns such as the establishment of public assistance and complaint desks and the promotion of hotline numbers in every office, and impose sanctions on the noncompliance with the ARTA provisions. Lastly, the ARTA committee shall recommend the inclusion of feedback from the clients in the evaluation and ranking of the employees.3. The researcher recommends a study that will determine the correlation of the implementation of the provisions of the Anti-Red Tape Act and the level of Citizen's Satisfaction to identify if there is a relationship between implementation of the provisions and the satisfaction of the clients regarding the services provided by the offices.
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    An evaluation of the honor system of the Philippine Military Academy
    (2006-03) Lumibao, Antonio Pabillo
    The profession of arms requires a high standard of values that is essential in the performance of their military duties. Foremost in these values is the concept of honor and integrity. In the Philippines, the formation of values starts at the training schools of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). In the forefront is the Philippine Military Academy (PMA), a school for leaders that gives emphasis on character development. Integrity is one of the three core values of PMA (the two others are Courage and Loyalty) as emphasized in its motto and the main system that supports it is the Honor System. Through the years, changes were observed in the implementation of the system. There was an increase in honor cases during the late nineties. Moreover, the mishandling of honor cases resulted to a backlog of cases for two years. As a result, dishonor was identified in 2002 by then Superintendent General Rufo A. de Veyra as one of the three-headed menaces that afflict the Academy. The researcher intended to find out whether the Honor System has outlived its usefulness and if not, find out what measures can be done to further strengthen the system. This qualitative research is an evaluation of the Honor System of the Philippine Military Academy. Specifically, it sought answers to the following: 1. What is the profile of the Honor System of the following Academies? a. Philippine Military Academy b. United States Military Academy (Westpoint) c. United States Naval Academy (Annapolis) d. United States Air Force Academy (Maryland) 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the PMA Honor System along the following areas? a. Goals b. Ownership of the Honor System c. Reporting d. Investigating e. Adjudicating 3. What are the opportunities and threats of the PMA Honor System along the following areas? a. Goals b. Ownership of the Honor System c. Reporting d. Investigating e. Adjudicating 4. What Action Plan can be recommended to improve the Honor System of the Academy? To answer the questions mentioned above, unstructured interviews, document analysis, and the use of SWOT analysis were conducted. 1. Profile of US Academies. The results of the study showed that the problems that the Academy is encountering have been experienced and are still being experienced by the three major academies of the United States of America. The major profile of the Academies are the following: 1.a Compared to the United Staes major Academies, the Philippine Military Academy gives more leeway to the cadets in the administration of the honor code. 1.b The United States Military Academy does not solely choose from the honor committee members in the adjudication of honor cases. 1.c Thu United States Naval Academy is the only Academy that does not have a "non-toleration" clause in its honor code. 1.d The United States Air Force Academy relies heavily in the case method to indoctrinate their honor system to the cadets. 2. SW analysis. In the conduct of the SW analysis, the following were the findings: 2.a An atmosphere of trust that is felt within the community will reinforce to instill honor to the future officers. However, there is a need to address the problem of having different interpretations of the honor system. 2.b Cadets are trained to be honorable through the honor system. They however lack the investigative and adjudication skills. 2.c. Cadets need little supervision during examinations. However, there is still a need to properly indoctrinate them about the honor code. 2.d Cadets under investigation can readily answer charges and the investigation process is sound. The cadets though still need more formal training in investigative work. 2.e The ownership of the code is reinforced because cadets not only do the reporting and investigation but they are also the ones who will render the verdict. Again, they need to be trained in legal matters. 3. OT analysis. In the conduct of the OT analysis, the following were the findings: 3.a Cadets are seen to be more idealistic and the Academy can exploit this to have a positive perception of the honor system. The lack of positive role models affects how cadets view the honor system. 3.b Cadets' ownership of the honor system with little intervention from the Academy Administration sometimes results to legal problems. 3.c Influences from relatives of the cadets who have little knowledge of the honor code might interfere in cadets reporting honor violations. 3.d The negative perception of cadets' capability to administer the honor system can be addressed by proper indoctrination. 3.e Other agencies in the government can help train the cadets in investigating and adjudicating honor cases. 4. Action Plan to Improve the Honor System. The following were the major findings to improve the Honor System: 4.a The sanction of dismissal for all honor violators needs to be examined. A remediation program should be allowed on a case-to-case basis. 4.b The unanimous vote tends to weaken the honor system because of new practices of some cadets. It should be changed to 2/3" vote. 4.c For the cadets to feel true ownership of the honor system, the physical presence of a JAG officer is not necessary during honor deliberations. 4.d The final sanction should rest with the Superintendent. The following are the conclusions of this study: 1. The Honor System is still relevant to the development of character of the cadets in the different Academies. 2. The inadequate indoctrination of the PMA honor system is the number one problem facing it. 3. The administration of the adjudication stage of the honor system is the number one problem facing it. 4. The Action Plan will help improve the administration of the Honor System. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are the recommendations of this study: 1. An immediate implementation of the Action Plan to improve the Honor System be made. 2. The "pulse" of the Cadet Corps with regard to the Honor System should be continuously monitored and evaluated so that appropriate changes can be made to make it more effective and relevant to the development of character of the cadets.
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    Variations in the attitudes of student government officers towards corruption
    (2004-05) Lawan, Ferdinand D.
    The five most espoused instrumental values of the respondents were being: ambitious, responsible, broadminded, intellectual, and honest. Most of the first- half of the 18 values that they ranked were competence values. On the other hand, the five most espoused terminal values were: family security, a world at peace, equality, a comfortable life and freedom. These values are utopian in nature. The instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to economic status significantly vary in two values namely: being intellectual and polite. The value of being intellectual is given more importance by those in the higher economic status than those in the lower economic status; whereas, those in the lower economic status espoused the value of being polite more than those in the higher economic status. Generally however, their instrumental values were similar. On the other hand, there is no significant variation in the terminal values of the respondents when they were grouped according to their economic status; hence, their terminal values are similar. The instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity significantly vary in three instrumental values namely: being intellectual, logical, and loving. The lowlanders attached more importance to the values of being intellectual and logical than highlanders. On the other hand, the highlanders put more important to the value of loving than the lowlanders. Overall however, the instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity are similar. Six (6) significant variations are indicated in the terminal values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity. The highlanders put more importance to the terminal values of an exciting life, a world at peace, and a world of beauty than the lowlanders. On the other hand, the lowlanders put more importance on the values of self-respect, social recognition and wisdom than the highlanders. Generally, the terminal values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity are similar. There is a significant variation in the attitudes towards corruption of the respondents when grouped according to economic status. Those in the lower economic status are more likely to favor corruption than those in the higher economic status. There is no significant variation in the attitudes towards corruption of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity. Majority in both ethnic groups showed a favorable attitude towards corruption. There is a significant moderate correlation in the instrumental_ values between those who showed favorable and unfavorable attitudes toward corruption. Therefore, their instrumental values are more or less similar. Likewise, there is a significant moderate correlation in the terminal values between those who showed favorable and unfavorable attitudes toward corruption. Therefore, their instrumental values are more or less similar. The following conclusions were drawn based on the findings of the study: 1. In their instrumental values, the student government officers put high premium on competence values than on moral values, while on their terminal values; they put more importance on social values than personal values. 2. The economic status and ethnic groupings of the respondents do not influence their instrumental and terminal values. 3. The economic status of the respondents does influence their attitudes towards corruption; whereas, their ethnic grouping does not influence their attitudes towards corruption. 4. The instrumental and terminal values of the respondents do not influence or determine their attitudes towards corruption. In view of the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered. 1. So that the idealism of the student government officers will be put into good use and their combined competence values and social values be actualized into a worthy civic action, they are earnestly encouraged to be trained to monitor graft and corruption in the government in coordination with non-governmental organizations. With this, they will actively participate in the fight against corruption and also their awareness of corruption will be enhanced. 2. With the combined effort of the student government officers, school administrators, and faculty members, cooperative and continuous programs and activities that promote and enhance the values of national pride and patriotism should be undertaken. This will help the students love their country as much as they love their families. 3. Public fora and discussions on "culture sensitivity" be initiated by student government organizations to make both highlanders and lowlanders be aware of their cultural uniqueness and that prejudices will be avoided. 4. To promote better knowledge and awareness about corruption, the faculty members of social sciences should find ways to include in their syllabus the concepts - laws, definitions, consequences, implications and the like- of graft and corruption. Also, with the initiative of student government officers and in coordination with school administrators a "Corruption Awareness Week" should be established as a yearly activity in the school campuses. 5. The student government officers, through their legislative bodies, should create a committee that will check the student leaders' activities and cash disbursement. 6. A replication of this study can be conducted by determining not only the preferred values but also the practiced values of prospective respondents. 7. A replication of the study can be conducted with government employees or public officials of Baguio City or any other political institutions as the respondents by adopting the same methodology used in this study or modifying it to avoid difficulties. Using the Philippine Value Orientation Inventory (PVOI) is of great help in identifying the social, political, moral, economic, interpersonal, and professional values of prospective respondents. The PVOI can be correlated with the perceptions or attitudes towards scenarios or problems related to corruption. In addition, the variables of age, gender, years in service, educational attainment, type of government agency, kind of work, and other variables can be included in the investigation.
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    Mainstreaming gender and development programs in the University of Northern Philippines
    (2019-07) Javier, Cid Ancheta
    Gender mainstreaming is major strategy for ensuring that the government pursues gender equality in all aspects of the development process in order to achieve the vision of a gender-responsive society where women and men equally contribute to and benefit from development. In response to GM, the University of Northern Philippine integrated GAD mainstreaming to all its major functions as a manifestation to the its commitment to the government's mandate in mainstreaming gender in the national agenda. Hence, this study has been conceptualized. As maiden journey on the issue of gender equality, the researcher conducted the study with the intent of determining the extent of mainstreaming GAD programs of the University of northern Philippines. This study aimed to describe the Gender and Development (GAD) mainstreaming of the University of Northern Philippines. Specifically, it sought answers to the following problems: 1. What is the level of compliance of the University of Northern Philippines (UNP) with the Gender and Development programs along the areas of: a. policies and governance; b. human and material resources, and c. enabling mechanisms? 2. What are the Gender and Development programs, activities and projects of UNP along the following areas: a. curriculum development; b. instructional materials development; c. research; d. extension and community services; and e. information, education and campaigns? 1. The level compliance of the University of Northern Philippines with the Gender and Development programs along the areas of policies and governance, human and material resources, and enabling mechanisms is high based on the overall weighted mean of 3.69. 2. The Gender and Development (GAD) programs, Activities and Projects of University of Northern Philippines are integrated in the curriculum, instructional materials development, research, extension and advocacy. In the light of the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. The University of Northern Philippines (UNP) highly complied with GAD programs in terms of policies and governance, human and material resources, and enabling mechanisms. 2. The GAD programs, activities and projects of University of Northern Philippines are visible and promising enough to place the GAD perspective as an integral in the functions of the university. The conduct of GAD related researches, however, are limited. In relation with the findings and conclusions of this research, the following recommendations are forwarded: 1. The University of Northern Philippines may finalize the formulation of the GAD Code to guarantee stronger institutionalization of GAD in the level of the policies, planning, curriculum, research, extension, infrastructure, and budget. 2. The University should continue developing its personnel as GAD advocates and resource persons at local, national and international levels. 3. Strengthen the GAD mainstreaming effort in the fourfold function of the university through maximization and utilization of GAD budget as required by government. 4. Materials for GAD advocacy and instruction may be continuously upgraded and developed by both faculty and students. 5. A GAD building may be constructed to strengthen existing GAD enabling mechanism such as the Center for GAD, GAD Resource Center, GAD Training Center, wellness facilities for faculty and personnel and children's nursery. 6. Further studies may be conducted on GAD mainstreaming along the general education and professional courses to generate baseline information along this field.
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    Viability of the conversion of the municipality of La Trinidad into a city
    (2018-07) Gondales, Annabelle B.
    Cities play a pivotal role in the development of society. Ancient cities were the seats of civilization. Commerce, trade, industry and culture started in the cities. Interestingly, cities are always the precursor to modernization and industrialization. The socio-economic growth of a place can be gauged as to the establishment of a city in that particular area. It is undeniable that cities are central to economic and societal progress. In the pursuit of achieving development objectives in the area of local governance, various changes in local governance structure have been effected like merging of towns to become a city and conversion of towns and municipalities into cities. Conversion of a municipality into a city can be instrumental in improving the delivery of public goods and services in places where income, population or land area demands the same. It is in this respect that the researcher pursued this study to determine the viability of the proposed conversion of the municipality of la Trinidad into a component area. This study aimed to determine the capability of the municipality of La Trinidad in its bid towards cityhood in terms of its compliance to the requirements provided under the local government code particularly on income, population and land area. It is also considered its viability in terms of social services, economic structures, institutional machineries, and infrastructures existing in the locality and tried to determine the level of agreement of the people as represented by the barangay officials and existing non-government organizations and people’s organizations in the municipality to the proposed cityhood. Descriptive method was used in evaluating the viability of the local government unit to convert into a city. Documentary analysis was employed which was supplemented with key informant interviews. It made use of the survey questionnaire as the tool in determining the level of agreement of the different sectors to the proposed cityhood conversion. The following are the major findings of the study: 1. There are three variables indicators of viability as required by the local government code, particularly on income, population and land areas: a. a municipality or a cluster of barangays may be converted into a component city if it has a locally generated average annual income, as certified by the Department of Finance, of at least One hundred million (P100, 000, 000) for the last two (2) consecutive years. La Trinidad has exceeded the minimum legal requirement on income since 2012. It has earned a locally generated income of 143.84 million pesos in 2016 and 167.8 million pesos in 2017. b. Aside from income, it should also have either a contiguous territory of at least one hundred (100) square kilometers, as certified by the Land Management Bureau; or a population of not less than one hundred fifty thousand (150, 000) inhabitants, as certified by the National Statistics Office (NSO), now Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). Based on official record, the land area of La Trinidad is 80.79 sq.km. It is not compliant in terms of territory since it is short of 19.21 square kilometers to complete the minimum 100 square kilometers required by law. c. In terms of population, La Trinidad has a total population of 129, 133 based on the last NSO census conducted in 2015. With this number, La Trinidad is not compliant in terms of population since it has a deficit of 20, 867 to be able to reach the minimum requirement of 150, 000. However, based on the projected population, it is expected to reach the 150 million population requirement in 2019; hence, La Trinidad may be qualified to apply for cityhood in 2020 where the next NSO, now PSA census is expected to be conducted. 2. In terms of the capability of La Trinidad to provide adequate social services, and the existence of economic structures, institutional machineries and infrastructures, La Trinidad is capable for cityhood. These services and structure are already in place, a clear manifestation of economic growth and social transformation of the municipality. 3. The barangay officials are strongly in favor of the proposal to convert La Trinidad into a component city. They have a high level of social acceptance on the benefits and risks that come with cityhood. Meanwhile, the non-government organizations and civil society organizations strongly agree with the benefits of cityhood and moderately agree with the risks that come with cityhood. In light of the findings of this study, the following conclusions have been drawn: 1. La Trinidad may not be legally qualified to become a city since it has not complied with the requirements on population and land area. However, it has the potential to become one as soon as the required number of population is reached or as soon as it complies with the required land area. 2. La Trinidad has the capacity and viability to accelerate economic growth and development in the provincial region, sufficient to attain and sustain cityhood. 3. The proposal for cityhood is highly supported by the barangay officials and likewise favored by the non-government and civil society organizations. In relation to the findings and conclusions of this study, the following are proposed: 1. In order ton fortify the bid of the municipality of La Trinidad to be converted into a component city, and considering that it is expected to reach the required population in the next NSO/PSA census in 2020, it is recommended that a technical working group be created to prepare and begin the groundwork for cityhood, to include among others the following functions: a. Benchmark with other local government units on best practices on cityhood conversion process; b. prepare the legal framework as required by the local government code; and c. draft La Trinidad’s city character. It is further recommended that La Trinidad comply with the qualification on Land area in order to boost its application should bill for its conversion to a city is officially filled in Congress and to be able to extend development to its adjacent municipalities. Hence, settlement of the land disputes with the neighboring municipalities and/or donation of some portions by the adjacent municipalities are recommended. 2. Inorder to ensure the sustainability of the economic growth and development of La Trinidad, the following measures are recommended: a. information-dissemination or campaigns on waste management in order to educate and prepare the people from the possible risks of urbanization and commercialization; b. strict observance of proper waste disposal and segregation. These measures maybe done through the use of social media, seminars and trainings, inspections, and strict implementation of the solid waste management ordinance. C. a drainage system for the valley floor and a sewerage system should also be implemented, in line with existing environmental laws. D. In terms of infrastructures, road widening and construction of flyovers should be considered to address the traffic problems of the municipality. 3. To ensure the people’s political awareness and participation on decision making processes that will grant the municipality’s conversion to cityhood, forums, discussions or consultations with the people should be conducted by the municipal government. This will also educate the people in time for the plebiscite or ratification process. 4. Further study should be conducted on the awareness and social acceptance of the people on the proposed cityhood conversion with the local residents of the municipality as respondents, since they are the actual voters in a plebiscite. This would determine the success or failure of the ratification process, should La Trinidad pushes for cityhood in the near future.
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    Candon city constituents' understanding and acceptability of federalism in the Philippines
    (2019-05) Gacusana, David M.
    The form of government in the Philippines is unitary and presidential system. This has been the kind of government in the country since the time when the Spaniards colonized Philippines up to the present. However, one of the major political agenda of President Rodrigo R. Duterte when he ran for president in 2016 is to federalized the country. President Rodrigo Duterte has been pushing for a constitutional change that would allow for a shift to a federal form of government, saying this would lead to a more equitable distribution of wealth and political power throughout the regions and bring lasting peace in Mindanao. This study is undertaken to find out whether or not federalism as pushed by the national government is acceptable to the elected officials of Candon city, Ilocos Sur. The findings of this study may be used by the government as data during their consultations with their constituents. This study determined the level of acceptability of the proposed federalism in the Philippines as perceived by the constituents of Candon City, Ilocos Sur. It answered specifically the following questions: 1. what is the level of understanding of the constituents in Candon City, Ilocos Sur regarding federalism along: a. political; b. economic; c. socio-cultural; and d. peace and security? 2. what is the level of acceptability of the proposed federalism in the Philippines as perceived by the constituents of Candon City, Ilocos Sur along: a. political; b. economic; c. socio-cultural; and d. peace and security? 3. how do the local situations along the following areas relate to the acceptability of the proposed federalism in the Philippines along: a. political; b. economic; c. socio-cultural; and d. peace and security? In this study, the researcher used the descriptive method of research wherein the questionnaire was the main tool in gathering data. The respondents of this study are the constituents in the coastal, tribal and urban barangays of Candon City, Ilocos Sur. The following are the major findings of the study: 1. the level of understanding of the constituents of Candon City, Ilocos Sur on the proposed Federalism in the Philippines is revealed as “ moderately understood” with an over-all mean 3.15 along the political aspect, the mean is 3.09; closely by a mean of 3.08 for both the economic and socio-cultural aspects; and finally a mean of 2.94 on peace and order aspect. 2. The level of acceptability of elected officials and their constituents on the proposed federalism is moderately acceptable garnering an over-all mean of 3.17 along the political aspect a mean of 3.12; 3.11 along the economic aspect, a slightly higher mean of 3.27 on the socio-cultural aspect; and for the peace and security component mean of 3.17. 3. Most of the respondents favor the adoption of federal form of government as the political system in the Philippines. They said that federalism will result into more favorable political stability, economic prosperity and socio-cultural aspects in the country. It will also provide an avenue to improve the peace and order situation of the country. Though there few who are still adopt a skeptical attitude about the adoption of federalism in the Philippines. Based from the findings of the study, the following were concluded: 1. the constituents of the city of Candon, Ilocos Sur have moderate understanding of the proposed federalism in the Philippines along the political, economic, socio-cultural and peace and security aspects. 2. the constituents of the city of Candon, Ilocos Sur have moderate acceptability of the proposed federalism in the Philippines along the political, economic, socio-cultural and peace and order security aspects. 3. most of the respondents favor the adoption of federal form of government as the political system in the Philippines. They said that federalism will result into more favorable political stability, economic prosperity and socio-cultural aspects in the country. It will also provide an avenue to improve the peace and order situation of the country. The local political, economic, socio-cultural and peace and security situations in Candon City influence most of the respondents to favor the adoption of federal form of government in the Philippines. The researcher made the following recommendations based on the findings and conclusions of the study: 1. The proponents of federalism should be more aggressive in explaining well to their constituents the strengths or advantages as well as the weaknesses or disadvantages of federalism so that they will have a better idea about the proposed political system as an alternative to the present unitary form of government in the country. This may be done through a series of lecture-fora, symposia or town hall discussions to expound on the merits and demerits of federalism. These activities must be attended by all stakeholders in the community of Candon City, Ilocos Sur. 2. Since the level of acceptability of federalism is moderate among respondents in the three barangays, the strengthened in all barangays of Candon City, Ilocos Sur. Specifically, explanations and discussions must be strengthened on the socio-cultural aspects as a manner of cultural unification and integration. 3. Since majority of the interviewed respondents responded positively on the advantages of federalism to respond to local issues on political, economic, socio-cultural, and peace and security matters, series of campaigns promoting the advantages of federalism must be launched by the national and local officials who are proposing this. They can network with the educators and civil society and non-profit organizations to campaign fully for the adoption of federalism in the city. 4. Further studies should be conducted by other researchers using other sets