Master of Arts in Political Science
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Item Political climate and student activism in selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City, 1997-1998(1999-03) Taliping, Mary Jane B.The study evaluated the influence of political climate on student leaders' activism among selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the school year 1997-1998. It analyzed the degree of influence and difference of degree of influence of the factors of political climate namely, campus issues or problems, community issues or problems and ideology of student movements. It likewise investigated the extent of achievement of the aims of student activism in promoting socio-political consciousness, promoting better interpersonal relations between teachers and students; reconciling administrative policies and student demands; introducing reforms in the institution; and furthering community involvement. The descriptive-evaluative method was utilized using the descriptive-survey technique. 1. Political climate was very influential on student leaders' activism in selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the academic year 1997-1998. 2. The student leader activists significantly achieved in the promotion of socio-political consciousness, reconciliation of administrative policies and student demands, introduction of reforms in the institution and furtherance of community involvement. 3. There is a significant difference of the factors of political climate only in terms of quantitative value. 1. Ideology is very influential on student leaders' activism among selected private tertiary institutions in Baguio City for the school year 1997-1998. 2. Student leader activists are more focused in the promotion of socio-political consciousness and furtherance of community involvement. 3. Ideology is significantly higher than the other factors of political climate. 1. The administration to pay careful attention to politics and decision-making and interact with student leader activists through serious minded and intellectual dialogues without being too quick in disregarding their emotional stances. 2. The faculty to unceaselessly ideologize students on the rule of law which is in layman's language, is the rule of fair play. 3. The student leaders to: a. promote socio-political consciousness to expose the illnesses of the society in search for remedies. b. promote better interpersonal relations between teachers and students with due consideration of the proper representatives of the educational institution to whom the educator sought employment. c. reconcile administrative policies and student demands by exhausting all reasonable and lawful means with the objective of entering to an agreement with school administrators which will be beneficial.to the institution as a whole. d. introduce reforms in the institution always with the backings or support of the elders within the institution and not with the proddings of other interest groups in the community. e. further community involvement by eyeing at more attentively on the issues or problems within the locality before undertaking regional or national issues or problems. f. systematize the filing of records of the ideologically oriented student movements and student councils for assessment of performances after an academic year. g. broaden the definition of campus repression to include not only suppression of students' basic rights by the school administration but also acts of prevention by student leader activists in the exercise of fundamental rights of non-striking students to education, due process and academic freedom. 4. The students not to be blinded by "false" activists hiding under the cloak of "personal interests". 5. The future researches on: a. Document analysis of ideologically oriented movements. b. Alliances of student movements with other support groups. c. Comparative study on student activism between state-owned and private (sectarian and non-sectarian) tertiary institutions. d. Repetition of the study using both student leaders and followers as respondents with the same variables. e. Qualitative research that would focus on the behavioral aspect of student activists. f. Analysis of the profile of student leader activists based on age, number of years as an activist, number of years as a student, organizational rank and academic affiliations.Item Factors influencing the selection of branch of service by the Philippine Military Academy cadets(2003-09) Ramos, Francisco TandogUnlike other service academies, Philippine Military Academy(PMA) produces regular officers who are distributed in the three major service branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) namely: Philippine Army(PA), Philippine Navy(PN), and Philippine Air Force(PAF). The distribution of officers in the different branches of service is done while they are still cadets and on the basis of cadets' preference .However, due to the quota set forth by higher headquarters for the number of cadets joining in each branch of service, the proportional distribution of cadets in the different branch of service is not realized. Knowing and understanding the various factors and their influence on the selection of branch of service is important in improving the distribution of cadets in the different branches of the AFP. Improved recruitment policies that capitalize on the perceived factors may balance the distribution of cadets on the basis of their preferences. This study aimed to find out the factors that influence the selection of branch of service by the cadets of Philippine Military Academy. The specific problems answered in the study were: 1. What are the factors that influence the selection of branch of service of cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005? 2. What is the extent of influence of the following factors to the members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 with regard to the selection of their branches of service? a. social b. economic c. personality 3. How do the following factors, social, economic, and personality differ as to their influence on the selection of branch of service of the cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005 when grouped according to: a. age b. ethnicity 4. How does the selection of branch of service differ according to: a. age b. ethnicity c. gender The study made use of the descriptive survey method of research. Survey questionnaires coupled with Informal interviews were used as data gathering tools. The study was conducted among the entire members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005. Frequency counts, ranking, weighted mean, t-test, one way analysis of variance and Chi-square test were used in the treatment of data. Spearman's rank correlation and Kendall coefficient concordance were also used to measure the association of ranked factors. The following were the major findings of the study: 1. The main social factors influencing the selection of branch of service of cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005 were inspiration from somebody who is from the same branch of service, prestige, and unique socio-cultural tradition of the service. On economic factors, both classes shared two identical factors. One is a stable and more secure means to support their family and the other is wide range of opportunities when the cadets go out of the service. Class 2004 chose easier access to monitor and support their family as one factor while class 2005 identified attractive fringe benefits as the other factor. As far as personality factors, both classes mentioned managerial/leadership interest and competence, service to society, and thrill on field life and experience as the most influential factors. 2. Social factors had less influence on the selection of branch of service by cadets belonging to PMA classes 2004 and 2005; economic factors had strong influence on those who are joining in the Navy and the Air Force but had les influence for those going to the Army. Personality factors had strong influence to those joining either in the Army, Navy, or Air Force. 3. The influence of social, economic, and personality factors do not differ significantly when cadets are grouped according to age and ethnicity. 4. The selection of branch of service differ significantly according to gender but not with age and ethnicity. Based on the findings, these conclusions were drawn: 1.The members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 are influenced by almost the same social, economic, and personality factors. 2. Social, economic and personality factors induced the same level of influence on the choice of members of PMA' classes 2004 and 2005 when grouped according to their branch of service. However, the strong influence of economic factors made some members of PMA classes 2004 and 2005 preferred Navy and Air Force as their branch of service. 3. Age and ethnicity grouping do not have significant effect on the extent of influence of social, economic and personality factors in the choice of branch of service by cadets. 4. The preference for a branch of service is not influenced by age and ethnicity grouping of the cadets. However, gender influenced the choice significantly. Based on the study the following recommendations are offered: 1. PMA in particular and the AFP in general may capitalize on the identified social, economic, and personality factors in their recruitment of prospective applicants. 2. The Department of Ground Warfare of Tactics Group, PMA should find means to offset the strong influence of economic factors which drive a lot of cadets to prefer Navy and Air Force as their branch of service. The Army officers might as well strengthen their image as role models and drum up the feeling of prestige and emphasized service to society as an implied task of the Army in order to draw more cadets to volunteer in that branch of service. 3. The Higher Headquarters have to push and make representations for the enactment of law that would increase the amount of P240/month combat pay being received by the Army personnel to be more or less at par with the flying pay of the Air Force and sea duty pay of the Navy which is equivalent to 50% and 25% of their base pay, respectively. It may also be appropriate to provide more incentives for Army men in order to win over more quality personnel to volunteer in that branch. 4. The Department of Leadership Development, Tactics Group, PMA has to formulate a written policy if there is still none or modify existing policy on the distribution of cadets in the different branches of service so that unequal distribution of cadets on the basis of their academic standing has to be minimized if it can not entirely be avoided. 5. A replication of this study involving the performance in the field of the officers who joined in their preferred branch of service and those who joined in the service not of their preference may be undertaken. Another study may be conducted to study the feasibility of establishing separate academies for the Army, Navy, or Air Force with the end in view of doing away with the practice or tendency of assigning an officer to a branch of service not actually his own preference or primary choice.Item Clientelism and electoral politics: A case study of the local government of Mangatarem(1994-07) Masaoay, Sonia G.This is a case study of politics in Mangatarem, Pangasinan in specific electoral periods: 1963, 1967q 1971 and 1980 focusinq on the leadership strategies of Jorge C. Mendoza who won in the aforementioned years and was able to hold on to power for twenty two uninterrupted years. As far as evidence in this study is concerned, mayor Mendoza resorted to clientelism in the form of personalistic benefits and patronage practices. The key informant interviewing was employed in this study and the respondents were determined based on McCall's and Simmons' snowball sampling. Mangatarem’s electoral politics and Mendoza's leadership strategies were analyzed in the light of Lande's theory of clientelism. Mangatarem's electoral politics was marked by the reciprocal relationships between the voters and the leader. During elections, voters give preference to a person with whom they have some special connection or from whom they expect to retain employment, public work benefits or other forms of material incentives. Once elected, the leader will have to continue dispensing favors to his supporters in order to be elected in the future elections. Evidences in this study reveal that two factors are responsible for Mendoza' s ability to win in four election periods namely; clientelism and his leadership qualities. Clientelist or pate. Yage practices were not alien to the townspeople since they were resorted to by the mayor's predecessors. Clientelism took various forms like clientelism by “issue bandwagoning”, clientelism by persona patronage and clientelism by charisma. Clientelism by "issue bandwagoning" was a strategy wherein the mayor, in his desire to gain the peoples' mandate sensationalized issues or problems and attacked his opponents' inability to solve the same. On the other hand, he depicted himself as the man who could cure such problems. Jorge Mendoza also employed clientelism by personal patronage, which was characterized by his skillful ability to dispense favors, jobs, aids and beneficial projects such as feeder roads and bridges to his constituents. The voters in turn expressed their debt of gratitude to Mendoza through their unwavering loyalty and support during elections. Alongside these, the mayor was also judged according to his leadership qualities and his ability to maintain smooth interpersonal relationship (SIR) with the people and this could be labeled as clientelism by charisma. In a rural community like Mangatarem, the voters put premium on smooth interpersonal relations as well as the humility and good naturedness of the leader. Finally, SIR in the form of friendly words, good gestures, and the avoidance to hurt the feelings of others governed the relationship between the leader and his constituents. Clientelism, which involves the allocation of patronage resources by the leader to his constituents, still a very important factor in the choice of a leader. A leader seeking another term must maintain his image as a patron who is expected to render assistance in times of the peoples' needs, be it personal family problems or public exigencies. Lest he be forgotten by his constituents, the leader must give priority to infrastructure projects in order to leave a lasting impression upon the people. This strategy was more prevalent in the rural areas like Mangatarem because of the farmers' dependency upon the landlords who also maintained the image of patrons and as such had seeped through the mainstream of local politics. Furthermore, the voters choice of leader also hinged on their socio-economic status. Since the leader was seen primarily as a dispenser of jobs, those who belong to the lower class have the tendency to consider candidates who could uplift their living conditions. This voting behavior showed the Filipinos' personalistic orientations during elections. Leadership selection is a very important political exercise and as such it must be anchored on the capabilities of the candidates to lead the people. Mayor Mendoza was able to hold on to power because of patronage politics and the personalistic benefits he had granted to his constituents. Since these practices have corruptive effects, the following are recommended: an in-depth study on the ill effects of patronage practices in various places of the country both at the local and national levels must be conducted. Efforts must also be exerted toward=, voter' conscientization so that they may know the true essence of elect ions. Conscientization carries with it a political awareness from the people that leaders are dispensers of duties, not favors. Seminars of this kind could be a joint effort of the government and non-government organizations which must be launched at the national and local levels prior to every election. Moreover, academicians, social and political scientists must also take part in conscientizing the voters since they possess the necessary tools, scholarly training and research skills. Lastly, in order to minimize the corruptive effects of patronage practices, Philippine election laws must be strictly implemented and observed by the voters and the candidates respectively.Item Factors in the political participation of college students(1997-02) Martinez, Brenda CruzThis study focused on the participation of college students in the political process. Officers of the supreme student government were chosen as respondents since they were perceived to be more active in politics than the other students, electoral activity and voting behavior were the indices used to measure political participation. The influence of the family or parental influence and mass media exposure were measured to find out how they affected the political participation of a respondent. Questionnaires were given to officers of the Supreme Student Government of the different schools in Baguio City. Before the data were treated, the method of summation was used in order to know the real score of each item in the questionnaire. Percentage difference was then used to know the relationship between political participation as the dependent variable and mass media exposure and parental influence as the independent variables, respectively. Test variables included age, gender, type of community respondent is from, course and year level. There is no significant relationship between political participation and parental influence; the Faine is true with the relationship between politic81 participation and mass media exposure. However, if test variables are introduced in determining their relationship, then there would be a considerable change in their relationship. Using year level as a test variable between political participation and parental influence yielded an insignificant relationship. Gender, age, course and type of community respondent is from provided a significant relationship between the two variables mentioned above. Gender, year level and course as test variables gave a significant relationship between political participation and mass media exposure; age and type of community did not affect the relationship of the dependent and independent variables. Parental influence and mass media exposure can be considered as factors of political participation only If test variables are introduced in determining the relationship between the former variables. Gender, age, course and type of community affect the relationship between political participation and parental influence; gender, year level and course affect the relationship between mass media exposure and political participation. Gender is a test variable which affects the relationship both between parental influence and political participation and mass media exposure and political participation. This is specially true in the case of “females.” It is therefore highly recommended that organizers of NGs, especially women groups, take measures to make women more aware of their role in politics. This can even lead to the realization of a women’s vote in the future. A voters education program may be set up by the government to raise the political awareness of the people. The youth should be trained on their civic, communal and political rights and duties. People’s groups can be organized to present issues which can be done hand in hand with mass media.Item An evaluation of the honor system of the Philippine Military Academy(2006-03) Lumibao, Antonio PabilloThe profession of arms requires a high standard of values that is essential in the performance of their military duties. Foremost in these values is the concept of honor and integrity. In the Philippines, the formation of values starts at the training schools of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). In the forefront is the Philippine Military Academy (PMA), a school for leaders that gives emphasis on character development. Integrity is one of the three core values of PMA (the two others are Courage and Loyalty) as emphasized in its motto and the main system that supports it is the Honor System. Through the years, changes were observed in the implementation of the system. There was an increase in honor cases during the late nineties. Moreover, the mishandling of honor cases resulted to a backlog of cases for two years. As a result, dishonor was identified in 2002 by then Superintendent General Rufo A. de Veyra as one of the three-headed menaces that afflict the Academy. The researcher intended to find out whether the Honor System has outlived its usefulness and if not, find out what measures can be done to further strengthen the system. This qualitative research is an evaluation of the Honor System of the Philippine Military Academy. Specifically, it sought answers to the following: 1. What is the profile of the Honor System of the following Academies? a. Philippine Military Academy b. United States Military Academy (Westpoint) c. United States Naval Academy (Annapolis) d. United States Air Force Academy (Maryland) 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the PMA Honor System along the following areas? a. Goals b. Ownership of the Honor System c. Reporting d. Investigating e. Adjudicating 3. What are the opportunities and threats of the PMA Honor System along the following areas? a. Goals b. Ownership of the Honor System c. Reporting d. Investigating e. Adjudicating 4. What Action Plan can be recommended to improve the Honor System of the Academy? To answer the questions mentioned above, unstructured interviews, document analysis, and the use of SWOT analysis were conducted. 1. Profile of US Academies. The results of the study showed that the problems that the Academy is encountering have been experienced and are still being experienced by the three major academies of the United States of America. The major profile of the Academies are the following: 1.a Compared to the United Staes major Academies, the Philippine Military Academy gives more leeway to the cadets in the administration of the honor code. 1.b The United States Military Academy does not solely choose from the honor committee members in the adjudication of honor cases. 1.c Thu United States Naval Academy is the only Academy that does not have a "non-toleration" clause in its honor code. 1.d The United States Air Force Academy relies heavily in the case method to indoctrinate their honor system to the cadets. 2. SW analysis. In the conduct of the SW analysis, the following were the findings: 2.a An atmosphere of trust that is felt within the community will reinforce to instill honor to the future officers. However, there is a need to address the problem of having different interpretations of the honor system. 2.b Cadets are trained to be honorable through the honor system. They however lack the investigative and adjudication skills. 2.c. Cadets need little supervision during examinations. However, there is still a need to properly indoctrinate them about the honor code. 2.d Cadets under investigation can readily answer charges and the investigation process is sound. The cadets though still need more formal training in investigative work. 2.e The ownership of the code is reinforced because cadets not only do the reporting and investigation but they are also the ones who will render the verdict. Again, they need to be trained in legal matters. 3. OT analysis. In the conduct of the OT analysis, the following were the findings: 3.a Cadets are seen to be more idealistic and the Academy can exploit this to have a positive perception of the honor system. The lack of positive role models affects how cadets view the honor system. 3.b Cadets' ownership of the honor system with little intervention from the Academy Administration sometimes results to legal problems. 3.c Influences from relatives of the cadets who have little knowledge of the honor code might interfere in cadets reporting honor violations. 3.d The negative perception of cadets' capability to administer the honor system can be addressed by proper indoctrination. 3.e Other agencies in the government can help train the cadets in investigating and adjudicating honor cases. 4. Action Plan to Improve the Honor System. The following were the major findings to improve the Honor System: 4.a The sanction of dismissal for all honor violators needs to be examined. A remediation program should be allowed on a case-to-case basis. 4.b The unanimous vote tends to weaken the honor system because of new practices of some cadets. It should be changed to 2/3" vote. 4.c For the cadets to feel true ownership of the honor system, the physical presence of a JAG officer is not necessary during honor deliberations. 4.d The final sanction should rest with the Superintendent. The following are the conclusions of this study: 1. The Honor System is still relevant to the development of character of the cadets in the different Academies. 2. The inadequate indoctrination of the PMA honor system is the number one problem facing it. 3. The administration of the adjudication stage of the honor system is the number one problem facing it. 4. The Action Plan will help improve the administration of the Honor System. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are the recommendations of this study: 1. An immediate implementation of the Action Plan to improve the Honor System be made. 2. The "pulse" of the Cadet Corps with regard to the Honor System should be continuously monitored and evaluated so that appropriate changes can be made to make it more effective and relevant to the development of character of the cadets.Item Towards an indigenous political theory for the Kankanaeys of Kayan(1992-10) Lumsit, Macario T.A philosophical analysis of the Kankanaeys’ cultural practices and institutions shed light to their concept of the good and just life. This concept is manifested in their indigenous labor practices, land use and management, political institutions which include conflict resolution, and those religious practices which are relevant to land use and management, labor relations, and conflict resolutions. The study covered the two barangays of Kayan considering that they have the same cultural practices data had been gathered using key informant interviews and participant observation. The practices and institutions were analyzed and interpreted within the realm of Aristotle’s, Confucious, Rawls’ philosophy and other relevant liberal philosophies. Kayan’s socio-economic-political practices and institutions can be divided according to themes implicit in them. The promotion of familiar harmony is fostered in the devolution of properties, corporate management of lakun, preference of relatives in the sale and mortgage of lands, practices of gamal and saad where male relatives are called for to assist in laying down the foundation of a kin’s house. Cooperation among the villagers is promoted in the observance of practices which are reciprocal in nature: the agag which is an informal organization of women during the planting and harvesting season; the free labor practices which accomplishes community-oriented projects that are short of funds or unfunded; the ambon, which is the community’s means of reciprocating what a concerned person did in time of death in the community, and; oo which is an obligatory contribution of one or two chupas dependent on the age of the dead person. The cooperation among villagers is further enhanced by: the corporate management of payas solidifying farmers who share the same irrigation canal and who assume the consequential responsibilities; the management of communal forests and pastures and the free usufruct of owned lands balancing socio-economic inequalities among the villagers. On the political plane, the batog institution is maintained to serve the following functions: a.) where community meetings are held b.) where rites are performed c.) where the simana of the day are based for immediate dispatch, and; d.) where conflict-resolution at the agom level is conducted. The concept of justice is reflected in their search for truth and the desire to maintain harmony with their fellowmen and nature. Instrumental in the realization of such are the local leaders who are chosen from the pool of the amam-a, who are looked up to for their wealth of information and adherence to the kasigudan which serves as the mean in both decision-making and conflict-resolution. They are also authoritative in the performance of rites to give nature its due or to harmonize the body and soul after an emotional settlement. of disputes. The concept of social justice is reflected in the wilfull performance of their obligation. The focal point of the community’s life patterns is the maintenance of harmony, solidarity and community consciousness. Familial harmony is promoted by practices which dictate kins’ functions towards others. The institution of the batog imposes obligations which are reciprocal in nature to all members. One’s performance of his functions determines how the community responds to him in time of need. To maintain reciprocity, conflict-resoltion is to generally conciliatory, where justice sought is inadequate, the ab-abiik or daw-es is performed for the party concerned the observance of which tempers the concerned not to revenge and leave to the unseen the task of completing the justice due. Whereteh good is aimed for the individual, be it in his work, family life, or the unforeseen future, the appropriate ritual is performed giving nature or the unseen spirits their due share. Although socio-economic inequality is felt in the community, it is balanced by practices which promote socio-economic harmony. The area remains to be an open society. Cash economy had not fully entered to create rigid class distinction that will eventually result to Marxian concept of class conflict. However, the lil effects of cash economy is beginning to be felt in others’ negligence of their obligation. To safeguard the existing beneficial practices institutions, the following are recommended: A study focusing on a critique of the practices and is significant in looking at their relevance to community's concept of the good and just life; the introduction of radical changes can be tempered by an interface study of indigenous practices and institutions and national policies - such help find congruence and conflict of the two. On the practical level, the batog institution including its functions, the tongtong as a means of settling disputes deserve preservation. To those development planner, the practices and institutions are to be tapped in the realization of their project's. Lastly, the schools in the area should take the initiative of teaching the rationale of their practices and institutions so that the young will not lose track of what had been binding the community for long.Item Variations in the attitudes of student government officers towards corruption(2004-05) Lawan, Ferdinand D.The five most espoused instrumental values of the respondents were being: ambitious, responsible, broadminded, intellectual, and honest. Most of the first- half of the 18 values that they ranked were competence values. On the other hand, the five most espoused terminal values were: family security, a world at peace, equality, a comfortable life and freedom. These values are utopian in nature. The instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to economic status significantly vary in two values namely: being intellectual and polite. The value of being intellectual is given more importance by those in the higher economic status than those in the lower economic status; whereas, those in the lower economic status espoused the value of being polite more than those in the higher economic status. Generally however, their instrumental values were similar. On the other hand, there is no significant variation in the terminal values of the respondents when they were grouped according to their economic status; hence, their terminal values are similar. The instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity significantly vary in three instrumental values namely: being intellectual, logical, and loving. The lowlanders attached more importance to the values of being intellectual and logical than highlanders. On the other hand, the highlanders put more important to the value of loving than the lowlanders. Overall however, the instrumental values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity are similar. Six (6) significant variations are indicated in the terminal values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity. The highlanders put more importance to the terminal values of an exciting life, a world at peace, and a world of beauty than the lowlanders. On the other hand, the lowlanders put more importance on the values of self-respect, social recognition and wisdom than the highlanders. Generally, the terminal values of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity are similar. There is a significant variation in the attitudes towards corruption of the respondents when grouped according to economic status. Those in the lower economic status are more likely to favor corruption than those in the higher economic status. There is no significant variation in the attitudes towards corruption of the respondents when grouped according to ethnicity. Majority in both ethnic groups showed a favorable attitude towards corruption. There is a significant moderate correlation in the instrumental_ values between those who showed favorable and unfavorable attitudes toward corruption. Therefore, their instrumental values are more or less similar. Likewise, there is a significant moderate correlation in the terminal values between those who showed favorable and unfavorable attitudes toward corruption. Therefore, their instrumental values are more or less similar. The following conclusions were drawn based on the findings of the study: 1. In their instrumental values, the student government officers put high premium on competence values than on moral values, while on their terminal values; they put more importance on social values than personal values. 2. The economic status and ethnic groupings of the respondents do not influence their instrumental and terminal values. 3. The economic status of the respondents does influence their attitudes towards corruption; whereas, their ethnic grouping does not influence their attitudes towards corruption. 4. The instrumental and terminal values of the respondents do not influence or determine their attitudes towards corruption. In view of the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered. 1. So that the idealism of the student government officers will be put into good use and their combined competence values and social values be actualized into a worthy civic action, they are earnestly encouraged to be trained to monitor graft and corruption in the government in coordination with non-governmental organizations. With this, they will actively participate in the fight against corruption and also their awareness of corruption will be enhanced. 2. With the combined effort of the student government officers, school administrators, and faculty members, cooperative and continuous programs and activities that promote and enhance the values of national pride and patriotism should be undertaken. This will help the students love their country as much as they love their families. 3. Public fora and discussions on "culture sensitivity" be initiated by student government organizations to make both highlanders and lowlanders be aware of their cultural uniqueness and that prejudices will be avoided. 4. To promote better knowledge and awareness about corruption, the faculty members of social sciences should find ways to include in their syllabus the concepts - laws, definitions, consequences, implications and the like- of graft and corruption. Also, with the initiative of student government officers and in coordination with school administrators a "Corruption Awareness Week" should be established as a yearly activity in the school campuses. 5. The student government officers, through their legislative bodies, should create a committee that will check the student leaders' activities and cash disbursement. 6. A replication of this study can be conducted by determining not only the preferred values but also the practiced values of prospective respondents. 7. A replication of the study can be conducted with government employees or public officials of Baguio City or any other political institutions as the respondents by adopting the same methodology used in this study or modifying it to avoid difficulties. Using the Philippine Value Orientation Inventory (PVOI) is of great help in identifying the social, political, moral, economic, interpersonal, and professional values of prospective respondents. The PVOI can be correlated with the perceptions or attitudes towards scenarios or problems related to corruption. In addition, the variables of age, gender, years in service, educational attainment, type of government agency, kind of work, and other variables can be included in the investigation.Item Dispute processing under the katarungang pambarangay in La Trinidad, Benguet(2001-05) Dullona, Eloisa MadariagaBarangay justice reflects the Filipino tradition of amicably settling disputes to preserve peace and harmony in the community. The Katarungang Pambarangay Law is the manifestation of this aspiration. The major purpose of this study was to assess dispute processing under the Katarungang Pambarangay Law in the Municipality of La Trinidad, Province of Benguet. Specifically, answers to the following problems were sought: 1. What is the level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa in: a. Procedures in Amicable Settlement b. Jurisdiction 2. what is the degree of seriousness of the problems encountered in dispute processing? 3. What is the success rate in: a. Decongestion of Court Dockets b. Settlement of Court Referrals. The study made use of the descriptive-survey method of research with survey questionnaires as data gathering tools. The respondents were the 133 lupon members of the 10 Lupong Tagapamayapa of La Trinidad, Benguet. The weighted mean, frequency and percentage rating, and standard deviation were used in the treatment of data. The findings of the study are as follows: 1.a.1.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on commencement of the settlement of a dispute was described as "always comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on the commencement of the settlement of a dispute were described as "always comply" except the provision on the payment of filing fees. The level of compliance of the lupon to the provision on the payment of filing fees was described as "often comply." 1.a.2.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on notifying the disputants was described as "often comply." The provisions on notifying the disputants generally earned a level of compliance described as "always and often comply." However, the provision involving the filing of a motion at the Municipal Trial Court earned a level of compliance described as "seldom comply." 1.a.3. The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on conciliation proceedings was described as "often comply." The provisions on conciliation proceedings generally earned a level of compliance described as "always and often comply." However, the provision initiating a prosecution of perjury against any one of the disputants who repudiates the agreement earned a level of compliance described as "seldom comply." 1.a.4.The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on arbitration proceedings was described as "often comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on arbitration proceedings were described as "often comply" except the provision on the signing of arbitration awards. The level of compliance of the lupon to the provision on the signing of arbitration awards was described as "always comply." 1.a.5. The level of compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement, specifically, the provisions on the constitution of the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo was "often comply." The level of compliance of the lupon to all the provisions on the constitution of the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo was described as "often comply." 1.b. The study showed that cases involving Estafa, Theft, Altering Land Boundaries, Slight Physical Injuries, Robbery and Unjust Vexation were ranked highly by the lupon members as cases they have encountered and handled during their term. However, the study also showed that the lupon members also settle private crimes, and cases involving grave threats, grave physical injuries, attempted/frustrated homicide and murder, homicide, and, reckless imprudence resulting to grave physical injuries and homicide. 2. The Lupong Tagapamayapa of La Trinidad, Benguet perceived the problems they encountered in dispute processing as "moderately serious". The problems encountered in dispute processing generally earned a degree of seriousness described as "moderately and not serious." However, the problem on the lack of financial incentives for lupon members earned a degree of seriousness described as "serious." 3.a The Lupong Tagapamayapa was 87.98% successful in decongesting the court dockets by settling 732 cases out of the total 832 cases filed before the Barangay Court. 3.b The Lupong Tagapamayapa was 50.57% successful in settling court referrals by settling 44 cases out of the total 87 cases referred to the Barangay Court. Based on the findings, the following conclusions were made: 1.a. The Lupong Tagapamayapa often complied with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on the procedures on amicable settlement. b. The Lupong Tagapamayapa did not comply with the Katarungang Pambarangay Law's provisions on case jurisdiction. 2. The problems encountered by the Lupong Tagapamayapa were perceived as "moderately serious" to have affected dispute processing in La Trinidad, Benguet. 3.a. The Lupong Tagapamayapa was successful in decongesting the court dockets. b. The Lupong Tagapamayapa was moderately successful in settling court referrals. The following recommendations are forwarded: 1. For the Department of the Interior and Local Government to propose amendments to the Katarungang Pambarangay Law regarding a clear distinction among conciliation, mediation and arbitration; to review the case jurisdiction of the Lupong Tagapamayapa; and to give additional means of evaluation to check the proper implementation of the law; and other kinds of incentives for the lupon members. 2. For the local government of La Trinidad, Benguet, the Department of Justice and the Department of the Interior and Local Government to conduct orientation-workshops on the actual conduct of an amicable settlement and on case jurisdiction of the Lupong Tagapamayapa. 3. For a study to be conducted to focus on the compliance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa on Case Jurisdiction in order to validate the findings of this study, to evaluate the success of the lupon in settling these cases, and to propose a listing of cases to be included or excluded in the lupons' case jurisdiction. 4. A replication of the study be undertaken in consideration to various factors, among others, urban and rural differentials and the quality of justice dispensed by the Lupong Tagapamayapa.Item The political socialization of senior political science in three selected schools of Baguio City(1998-08) De Leon, Henry PalaganasThis is a comparative survey study on the political socialization of senior Political Science students from Baguio Colleges Foundation, Saint Louis University and University of the Philippines College in Baguio. The political socialization embraced the students' reading and viewing interests as well as their preferences and participation in school organizations and community endeavors. In this descriptive-survey study, the questionnaire checklist was utilized to obtain the vital responses of the students. The data gathered were analyzed and interpreted using statistical aids like the Friedman two- way analysis of variance by ranks, the average weighted value based on the Likert's scale, the three-group analysis of variance (F--test) and t-test. From the data presented and analyzed, the following are the findings: 1. As to articles wherein a majority of the students in a school alternatively have interest vis-a-vis apolitical subject matters, there are those which pertain to the Philippine Stock Exchange, price increase housing problems, prostitution, Euthanasia Law, child prostitution and Daily Gospel. 2. There are five cases in this research wherein a majority of students of the three schools (BCF, SLU and UPCB) concur in reading interest 3. There were no significant differences in the reading and viewing interests of the students from the three schools. 4. There were no significant differences in the preferences and participation of students in school organizations. 5. BCF and SLU students have more or less the same interest in five enumerated activities based on the ranking order. SLU and UPCB students were common in the interest of viewing films portraying political realities again based on the rank order. Surprisingly, there is no common activity showing the interest of the BCF and UPCB students. In the light of the findings of this study, the following conclusions are made: 1. There are variations when it comes to internal activities referring to participating in electoral exercises, attending seminars, fora and dialogues, assemblies of students, rallies and interaction with student leaders. 2. Concerning listening and viewing television programs and films, the students have similar interest. 3. Anent the reading interest of the students, the study revealed that the respondents have similar propensities. 4. There are no variations with regard activities which require attendance in Sangguniang Kabataan programs and attendance in barangay and City Hall sessions. 5. Activities indulged in by respondents are similar. 6. There are common internal activities of students of BCF, SLU and UPCB when compared with each other. 7. Taking both the students of UPCB and BCF and analyzing their interest in internal activities, the research showed that there was no significant difference. Hence, hypothesis number 7 is consequently rejected. 8. Comparing the students of UPCB and SLU students with regard internal activities, the research revealed that their activities vary. Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are offered: 1. Since it is observed that many political science students are influenced largely and indirectly by their reading of newspapers, magazines and other literature, it would be better if they will actively be exposed and involved meaningfully with people in their schools like in the Pamunuan, Kalipunan and student assemblies. The political knowledge of the students must be enriched and reinforced with community-based experience like those related with the Sangguniang Kabataan, activities associated with their municipality, barangay or puroks. 2. It is imperative that the political science students must be active members of the Sangguniang Kabataang (SK). They must allocate some time in attending seminars, meetings and participating in community projects. In doing so, they will develop their self-esteem and their participation in civic life can make a difference. 1. The schools, through the teachers, should exert effort to develop in the students an analytical and inquiring mode of television viewing which will develop in them a feeling of stewardship for the future and intelligent management of public affairs. In advance, the instructor should purposely watch the television within a period of two weeks and take note of the topics for discussion that are related currently in the class. And thereafter, the instructor would relay the said announcements to the class in anticipation of this program and require them to watch and react on the views and statements of the different speakers. 4. The curriculum of the Bachelor of Arts course major in Political Science should incorporate more civic education, which includes a supervised practicum, or fieldwork wherein the students will be able to develop their skills of participation in civic life, and improve their civic competence. In school directed community experiences, students should be associated heterogeneously. This requirement should be met by supervised community action-oriented volunteer service projects in municipal departments, courts, or any other socially and politically valuable area. Community service experience should be related to work in the classroom and monitored by teaching personnel. 5. The SLU Political Science students should be given more opportunities to plan and organize educational fora and dialogues to be aware of major social and political trends. 6. To be more effective in guiding student learning, the Political Science teachers must have actual experience in community projects to be able to impart knowledge of political realities and also skills (public human relations, negotiation, bargaining, and communication) in a democratic society. 7. For future studies, the researcher is suggesting that further studies be explored relating to political socialization specifically a province in the Cordilleras.Item The economic status of Muslim migrants in Baguio City(2001-05) Dayucos, John Rey RigosThis study is concerned with the economic status of the Muslim migrants in Baguio City. It sought to study the productivity of the economic activities of the Muslim migrants, the dependence of the migrants to the sources of their capital, the adequacy of the sources of their capital and the effectiveness of the strategies the respondents used in addressing the problems they encountered caused by the presence of the increasing number of big business establishments in Baguio City. This present study was limited only to the Muslim migrants who are engaged in their economic activities in the City of Baguio for five to ten years. The respondents of this present study were taken purposively. The data were gathered primarily through questionnaires administered to the respondents supplemented by the writer's personal interaction with the respondents and officers of the Office of Muslim Affairs. The data gathered were tabulated and treated through the use of statistical tools such as frequency counts, weighted mean and percent-title. From the analyses and interpretation of the data concerning the Muslim migrants' economic activities, daily gross income and daily savings, properties acquired, problems encountered and the strategies to remedy such problems, the followings findings were obtained; 1. The economic activities of Muslim migrants are a) Sidewalk vending, b) Banketa business, c) Street peddling, d) Consignment and e) Money lending. b. The economic activities of Muslim migrants were found to be slightly productive in the following aspects a. The mean of previous daily gross income for Group A was P452.44 but at present it is P352.44,and this shows a difference of P100. The mean of previous daily gross income for Group B was P403.85 but at present it is P308.20,and this shows a difference of P95.65. Both groups' daily gross income is in a declining trend. b. The properties or appliances acquired by the Muslim migrants in Baguio City include television sets, VHS or VCD players, telephone sets or cellular phones, karaokes, refrigerators, washing machines, sala sets, bank savings, educational plans, and cooking utensils. The market value of each of these properties or appliances ranges from P6,000 to P25, 000. 3. The dependence of Muslim migrants or their sources of capital were identified with the following degrees: a. The respondents who depend on loans are very dependent on it because they resort to it very often; and b. The respondents who depend on informal loans are dependent because they resort to it often. 4. The degree of adequacy of Muslim migrants' sources are identifies thus: a. For Group A, the sources of their capital are considered moderately adequate. b. For Group B, the sources of their capital are also considered moderately adequate. 5. The degree of the effects of the increasing number of big business establishments in Baguio City on the economic activities of Muslim migrants are moderate. 6. The extent of the effectiveness of the following strategies used by Muslim migrants to address the consequences brought by the increasing number of big business establishments in Baguio city are alternating techniques of selling which are considered less effective, changing the nature of sales which is considered less effective and engagement in other economic activities which is considered not effective. The findings deduced from the analysis and interpretations of data enabled the researcher to arrive at the following conclusions: 1. Sidewalk vending is the most preferred economic activity of the Muslim migrants in Baguio City and remains as the most favorable and profitable for the vendors up to this time. 2. The productiveness of the economic activities of Muslim migrants in Baguio City is minimal and declining. 3. Both formal and informal loans are the primary sources of Muslim migrants' capital. 4. The sources of capital of Muslim migrants in Baguio City are sufficient. 5. The presence of big business establishments in Baguio City did not cause strong effects to the daily income of Muslim migrants in Baguio City. 6. The strategies used by the Muslim migrants are not enough to solve their problems. Based on the foregoing results, the following recommendations are hereby forwarded to Improve the economic status of Muslim migrants in Baguio City: 1. The Muslim migrants in Baguio City should learn more livelihood projects offered by the DSWD in Baguio City such as manufacturing handicrafts for tourists like wall decors, ethnic designs and woodcarvings because these are the products look for by the tourists in the City of Baguio. 2. The Muslim migrants need to improve their way of conducting their economic activities by making it more presentable, more creative by putting fixed but reasonable prices for every item displayed as part of attracting more customers. 3. The Muslim migrants should also aspire to acquire properties such as house and lot for more permanent and decent dwelling and educational plans for their children as part of insuring them a better future. Through education, their children will have the chance to be more economically stable than they are who are engaged in the shadow economy. 4. The Muslim migrants should apply for Social Security System (SSS) as self-employed members in order to avail of the benefits, loans and assistance in the future offered by SSS to all qualified members. They should broaden also the membership coverage of their existing "paluwagan" system for bigger remittances and financial aid for an individual member. 5. Despite the moderate adequacy of the Muslim migrants' sources of capital, they still need to have alternative sources of capital like their SSS membership and "paluwagan" membership in case their primary source of capital fails to provide them financial needs. 6. Though the effects of increasing big business establishments in Baguio City are considered moderate by the Muslim migrants, still they should come up with possible remedies or solutions in order to prepare themselves for the stronger effects these upcoming business establishments will have on their economic activities. For instance, they should start working on the legalization of their operations to insure their right to equal protection of the laws in case rivalry between the informal and formal sectors can not be avoided. 7. The strategies used by the Muslim migrants in addressing the problems they are encountering were found to be less effective and some were not effective at all. For this, the researcher proposes that there should be a program to be undertaken by the barangay concerned or the City government of Baguio in coordination with the Office of Muslim Affairs. There should be quarterly seminars for Muslim migrants regarding the strategies on how to conduct their economic activities more productively within the bounds of the City government's existing policies.