Master of Arts in Psychology

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Start date: 2005End date: 2009

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    Problems and coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in the City of Baguio
    (2007) White, Rosalyn Fianza
    All around the world, there are millions of people who are not given the chance to see the beauty of God's creation. They do not get to see the different species of plants and animals, the splendors of the forest and the seas, the wideness of the clear blue skies, and most of all, the very faces of their family members. Yes, these people were given the eyes but were denied the eyesight - the visually impaired. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 145 million people are blind worldwide and an additional 160 million worldwide suffer from low vision. Seventy (70%) percent of this worldwide figures on blindness can be accounted to Cataract, Trachoma and Glaucoma while the remaining 30% could either be because of conchoriasis, lack of vitamin A, muscular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. The visually impaired just like the deaf, mute and others, belong to the so called special people and to be more politically correct of calling them "disabled". Therefore, since they are special, they have different patterns, styles, methods and strategies compared to normal people or individuals without any disability. They have no choice but to compensate their weakness with what they can as part of their survival. Just like the visually impaired, since they cannot see, their vision is compensated with strong sense of touch and hearing. On the other hand, the deaf and mute try to communicate using body language or "signs". These are only some of the coping strategies they use to go with the main stream patterns of behavior. The researcher deemed it important to study the present condition of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses because by way of investigating, their problems and needs may be identified as physically challenged individuals. Also, the sighted community will gain knowledge of how these people manage their own affairs and if any form of assistance that they need may be addressed properly and accordingly. It is also important to learn from the respondents if any existing bills of programs are favorably working for them or if there are other matters or areas that needs to be taken up to add for their welfare as special sector of the society. This study entitled "Problems and Coping Strategies of the Visually Impaired Masseurs and Masseuses in the city of Baguio" attempted to identify and classify the problems encountered by the respondents and how they cope in order to overcome their problems or any stressful situation. This paper specifically aimed to answer the following questions: 1. What are the pressing problems encountered by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in the city of Baguio in the following areas? a. Finance and employment? b. Home, family and living condition? c. Health and physical condition? 2. What are the different coping strategies used by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in order to overcome the above mentioned problems? 3. How do problems and coping strategies relate to gender, civil status and advent of visual impairment? Based on the analysis of data gathered for the study, the following results were established: 1. The pressing problems encountered by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses in the area of "finance and employment" are "too much financial problems" and "no fixed steady income" rated as moderately pressing problems. The least pressing problems are under "home, family and living condition". Problems in the area of "health and physical condition" are not pressing problems. 2. The visually impaired masseurs and masseuses use coping strategies. Respondents often employ active-cognitive coping strategies; sometimes use active-behavioral coping strategies; and rarely apply avoidance coping strategies" to cope. 3. Problems and coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses are significantly correlated according to gender, civil status and advent of visual impairment. 3.a According to gender, respondents have a perfect correlation of problems in the area of "finance and employment". Respondents significantly considered these problems under this area in the same order implying that the female and male respondents view the problems in this area in the same level or degree. 3.b According to gender, the respondents have a low correlation of problems in the area of home, family and living condition. Female respondents are more affected with the problems enumerated in this area. 3.c According to gender, respondents have a high correlation of problems in the area of health and physical condition. Both the female and male respondents of the study view the problems enumerated in this area in almost the same level. 3.d According to gender, the respondents have a high correlation in the application of active-cognitive coping strategies. 3.e According to gender, the respondents have a moderate correlation in the application of active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.f According to gender, respondents have a very high correlation in the rare application of avoidance coping strategies. 3.g According to civil status, the respondents have a very high correlation of problems in the area of finance and employment. Regardless of their civil status, they agree to have problems under this area. 3.h According to civil status, the respondents have a moderate correlation of problems in the area of home, family and living condition. 3.i According to civil status, the respondents have a moderate correlation of problems in the area of health and physical condition. 3.j According to civil status, the respondents have a low correlation in the application of active-cognitive coping strategies. 3.k According to civil status, the respondents have a moderate correlation in the application of active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.1. According to civil status, the respondents have a high correlation in the application of avoidance coping strategies. 3. m. According to their advent of visual impairment, the respondents have a high correlation of problems in the area of finance and employment. 3.n According to advent of visual impairment, respondents have a moderate correlation of problems in the area of home, family and living condition. 3.o According to advent of visual impairment, respondents have a moderate correlation of the problems in the area of health and physical condition. 3.p According to advent of visual impairment, the respondents have a moderate correlation in the application of Active-cognitive coping strategies. 3.q According to advent of visual impairment, the respondents showed a high correlation in the application of Active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.r According to advent of visual impairment, the respondents have a high correlation in the application of Avoidance coping strategies. Based on the salient findings of the study, the following conclusions have been drawn by the researcher. 1. The visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have moderately pressing problems in the area of "finance and employment"; "home, family and living condition" as "least pressing problems" and "health and physical condition" as "not pressing problems". 2. The visually impaired masseurs and masseuses often use as active-cognitive coping strategies. Respondents sometimes employ active-behavioral coping strategies and rarely apply the avoidance coping strategies as a way of coping. 3.a Problems encountered by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses on "finance and employment" and "health and physical condition" are highly related to gender, whereas "home, family and living condition" problems have low correlation based on gender. 3.b The active-cognitive coping strategies and avoidance coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have a very high correlation according to gender while moderate correlation in the application of active-behavioral coping strategies. 3.c Problems of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses on "finance and employment" is highly related according to civil status while problems under "home, family and living condition" and health and physical condition" are moderately related. 3.d The active-cognitive coping strategies used by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have a low correlation according to civil status. The active-behavioral coping strategies of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses are moderately correlated. There is a high correlation in the use of avoidance coping strategies. 3.e. The problems of the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses under "finance and employment" are highly correlated according to advent of visual impairment. Problems under "home, family and living condition" and "health and physical condition" have a moderate correlation. 3.f. The active-cognitive coping strategies employed by the visually impaired masseurs and masseuses have a moderate correlation according to advent of visual impairment. There is a high correlation in the employment of active-behavioral coping strategies and avoidance coping strategies. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are forwarded: 1. The national government in collaboration with the local government of the city of Baguio should in their budget allocation for this special sector of the society for construction of clinics and creation of alternative jobs suited for the visually impaired constituents. 2. The government should attend to existing bills or programs that will be geared towards the alleviation of the benefits being provided to the individuals who are physically challenged like the visually impaired. 3. The Department of Health should create programs to address the specific health needs of the visually impaired in the local as well as national level. 4. Government line agencies as well as non-government agencies must continue to provide enhancement training and seminars that can help the visually impaired in managing their own affairs. 5. The government line agencies and non-government agencies should continuously support the organizations of the visually impaired by making them part of social activities that can boost up their self confidence. 6. More studies about the visually impaired should be encouraged by the different educational institutions or research centers in order to fully understand their condition or state in life.
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    The social anxiety of Tinguians
    (2005-06) Sannadan, Marilou Basco
    The respondents of the study were the Tinguian college students duly enrolled in Divine Word College of Bangued, school year 2004-2005. The Fear of Negative Evaluations (FNE) Scale and the Manchester Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) were used as the data gathering instruments. The FNE has 30 items that measure the signs of anxiety and ineffective social behaviors that would incur disapproval from others. The MPQ was used to determine the personality type of the respondents. The researcher adopted the descriptive-correlational method of research to investigate the relationship between the level of social anxiety and the variables gender, year level, geographical location of residence, occupation of parents and personality type. The researcher also used the comparative method to determine if significant difference existed in the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students when compared according to the variables identified. The statistical tools used were the two-tailed test (t-test), the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Chi-square test. The indigenous people in the Province of Abra are the Tinguians or Itnegs. Abra is often associated to Tinguian but the National Statistics Office's (NSO) survey in 2000 revealed only twenty percent (20%) of them from the total population in the province (NSO, 2005). They used to comprise twenty-five percent (25%) of the total population for the last ten years or so. The rest of the population consider themselves Ilocanos. Hence, there is truth in the article, Nominations 2002, in the Baguio Midland Courier on January 3, 2005 that the endangered species are the indigenous people (Anonymous, 2005). One of the reasons they decrease is due to intermarriages with other cultural affiliations. And sometimes their decrease in number is explained in the community where they live, which includes how other people of cultural affiliations see and treat them. As a minority group, their fear of negative evaluations from other people may be due to stereotypes known about them which eventually result to their becoming shy and nervous, and that lead them to perform less in school than they should. They also behave according to the stereotypes attached to their ethnicity, or they assimilate themselves to the majority so as not to be different from other people's styles and practices. This study answered the following problems: 1. What is the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students? 2. How does the level of social anxiety among the Tinguian college students differ according to: a. gender, b. year level, c. occupation of parents, and d. geographic location of residence? 3. How does personality type relate to the level of social anxiety? The study tested the following hypotheses: 1. The level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students is high. 2. There is a significant difference in the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students when compared according to: a. gender, b. year level, c. occupation of parents, and d. geographic location of residence. 3. There is a significant relationship between the personality type of the Tinguian college students and the level of social anxiety. The findings of the study based on the analysis of the gathered data are presented as follows: 1. Majority of the respondents has a high level of social anxiety whereas no one among the respondents has very high and very low levels of social anxiety. 2. a. There is a significant difference in the level of social anxiety of the respondents when compared according to gender. b. There is no significant difference in the level of social anxiety of the respondents when compared according to year level. c. The level of social anxiety does not significantly differ when compared to the geographic location of residence. d. The level of social anxiety of the respondents does not significantly differ when compared according to the occupation of parents. 3. There is no significant relationship between personality type and the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are derived: 1. The Tinguian college students generally have a high level of social anxiety. 2. a. Gender significantly influences the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. b. Year level does not influence the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. c. The location of residence does not exert influence on the level of social anxiety of the student-respondents. d. The occupation of parents does not exert influence on the level of social anxiety of the respondents. The occupation of mother and the occupation of father do not significantly affect the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students. 3. The personality type of the Tinguian college students does not significantly influence the level of social anxiety. Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are recommended: 1. Since there is a high level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students, it is recommended that there should be sensitivity training programs and seminar workshops on values, social orientation on proper etiquette, on gaining more self-confidence, and even leadership training or other trainings pertaining to better human and social relationships to be conducted by the Guidance Counselors whose programs and services center on the socio-emotional and personality development of students. 2. a. The Guidance Counselors, in coordination with the organizations that uplift, protect and promote the welfare of women and equality of rights between men and women, should conduct gender sensitivity seminar workshops to the Tinguian college students for them to understand their social roles better and also to obtain from them support for women empowerment in their communities. b. The Tinguian Students Association (TSA) should also conduct an orientation program for new Tinguian college students for them to adjust to their new environment, new school. During Cordillera Day or Tinguian Feast Day, the TSA, in coordination with the Students' Affairs Office, should also come up with a program showcasing the talents of all Tinguian college students that will actually serve as an inspiration for new Tinguian college students to develop and to show their hidden talents as well. c. The Tinguian professionals both from the mountain and valley Tinguian municipalities and who are public and private employees who have graduated from the Divine Word College of Bangued should actively participate and strengthen the Alumni Association. They should attend gatherings and homecoming of the association, which in return inspire the Tinguian youth to follow their steps to becoming responsible citizens. Moreover, the TSA could even conduct meetings with the parents of these students. They could have a family day where the parents and their children be acquainted with each other and form social bond among them. The parents shall be informed of their children's performances in school including how they can develop ways to encourage their children to become better students. The parents must be informed on how to work closely with the faculty for their sons and daughters' development of social, emotional, and even intellectual aspects; to help them boost their cultural identities and heritage as Tinguians without separating them as either mountain or valley Tinguian. d. Public and private organizations which have something to do with the welfare of the indigenous peoples, community organizing and people empowerment should include in their programs the recognition of students affiliated with the Tinguian ethnicity, regardless of the occupation of their parents, by providing them trainings on leadership, value and social orientation, and personality development. 3. The faculty members, the Student Affairs' Office, the Guidance Office Personnel and the Tinguian Students Association's Adviser and its co-advisers must encourage, help and provide moral support during Cordillera and Tinguian Days to Tinguian college students so that they will be exposed in the school and in the province to perform, to dance, sing or play games, or even to participate in the preparation of such programs so that they can share their thoughts, ideas, and talents to other people even if they are shy or have the preference to work only with people who are affiliated with Tinguians. 4. Further studies should be conducted to determine the personality profile of the Tinguian college students along the dimensions of personality like the Big Five Factors of personality. Another study can be conducted to determine the level of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students when compared according to their academic performance. Another study would be conducted to verify the causes of social anxiety of the Tinguian college students.