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Item Cooperative small-group approach : its effect on student achievement, attitude and participation rating in mathematics(1997-04) Chapap, Lyte K.,This study was focused on finding out the extent of effect of cooperative small group work on the achievements, attitudes and participation ratings of First Year Education students in Basic Mathematics (Math 10b) at the Mountain Province State Polytechnic College, SY 1996-1997. Specifically the study sought the answer to the following questions: 1. What is the effect of cooperative small-group approach on the achievement scores of students? 2. What is the effect of cooperative small-group approach on the attitude of students towards mathematics? 3. What is the effect of cooperative small-group approach on the participation rating of the students? The experiment made use of the Solomon Four-Group Experimental Design. The treatments were: to- (control) two classes using the lecture method and t1 (experimental) - two classes using the cooperative small- group approach. The experiment period was subdivided into three parts. First was the pre-experimental period, which was the conditioning period of two-weeks, the conduct of a survey on mathematical attitudes and the administration of a diagnostic test. The second was the experimental proper where two classes, c1 and c2, were exposed to the usual exposition method while the other two classes x1 and x2 were exposed to the cooperative small- group approach. The third was the post-experimental period wherein the survey on mathematical attitudes and the post-test on lessons learned were conducted. Data gathering consisted of the conduct of the pre- experiment attitudes and diagnostic test and the post-experiment attitude and achievement test. The data gathered for statistical analysis and interpretation were: the pre-test scores of two groups (c2 and x1), attitudes of the student before the conduct of the study, attitudes of the students after the conduct of the study, post-test scores of four groups (c1, c2, x1 & x2), the difference of pre-test and post-test scores of two groups (c2 &x1), and the participation ratings of the students. The t-test for independent groups was used to determine the significant difference of the mean pre-test scores and the mean gain scores of the students in both treatments at 0.05 level of significance. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant difference of the mean post-test scores of four groups at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of significance. Moreover, Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test was used to further identify where the significant difference of the mean lies. The significant findings in this study are the following: 1. Mean Achievement Score There is a significant difference between the mean scores of students who were exposed to the cooperative small-group approach and those who were not. 2. Mean Attitudinal Score Numerically, the mean attitudinal score of students in the experimental group is higher than the mean attitudinal score of those who were in the control group, but statistically, there is no significant difference between the mean attitudinal scores of the experimental group and those of the control group. 3. Mean Participation Rating The difference between the mean participation ratings of the students in the experimental group and those of the control group is highly significant. In view of such findings and conclusions, the researcher has the following recommendations: 1. The use of the cooperative small-group approach should also be tried in other subject areas to further investigate the effects of the strategy on student performance. 2. Administrators should encourage and provide opportunities for mathematics teachers to develop themselves, such as sending the teachers to seminar workshops where creativity and innovative teaching are enhanced. 3. Further studies on the cooperative small-group approach are highly recommended such as those that give answers to the following problems: a) What group combinations enhance achievement? b) What kinds of cooperative-learning tasks are most appropriate for individuals and groups of different mathematics achievement levels? 4. Similar studies should be done on a long-term basis to find out if time can alter the results. 5. Mathematics teachers should regularly come together to discuss matters regarding new trends in math instruction.Item Ang apat na dimensiyon sa pagsukat sa binasa sa unang taon ng mataas na paaralan(1990-04) Cortez, Daisy B.Binubuo ng pag-aaral na matunghayan ng mga aytem sa pagsubok sa mga literal, paghinuha, mapanuri at paglalapat na dimensiyon sa pagbasa at kaugnay ang pagbibigay ng pagsubok sa mga mag-aaral sa unang taon upang makuha ang kasagutan sa mga sumusunod na tiyak na katanungan: 1. Anu-ano ang mga iskor na nakuha ng mga kalahok na mag-aaral sa kinalabasan na pagsubok sa bawat dimensiyon sa pagbasa? 2. Sa anong dimensiyon pinakamataas ang “mean” ng mga nakuhang iskor sa kinalabasan ng pagsubok? 3. Sa anong dimensiyon pinakamababa anq "mean" ng mga nakuhanq iskor sa kinalabasn nq pagsubok? Kinuha ang mqa seleksyong ginamit bilang lunsaran sa mga aklat na ginamit sa unang taon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baguio Colleges Foundation sa ilalim ng SEDP. Doon na rin isinagawa ang "dry-run" ng pagsubok a 60 na mag-aaral sa unang taon at ang nakuhanq average na oras sa pagsubok ay dalawang oras. Isinagawa ang test-retest sa 290 na mag-aaral sa unang taon ng Mataas na Paaralan ng Lungsod ng Baguio. Sa pamamaraang index of difficulty at index of discrimination, lumabas na 25 na aytem ang rejek - 17 na bahagdan - ng 147 na aytem. Upang mapantay ang dami ng mga aytem, ginawang 100 na aytem tig-25 na aytem 5a bawat dimensiyon. Sa pagsusuri ng kinalabasan ng unang pagsubok at mulinq pagsubok, napag-alamang pinakamataas ang "mean" ng mqa iskor sa literal na dimensiyon at pinakamababa ang "mean" ng mqa iskor sa mapanuri ng dimensiyon. Gumamit ng surbey sa larangan ng deskriptibong pananaliksik. Upang maipatupad ang pamamaraan, bumuo ng pagsubok sa literal, panghinuha, mapanuri at paglalapat na dimensiyon. Gumamit ng unang pagsubok, muling pagsubok at sa pagbabalido ng mga aytem sa unang pagsubok, ginamit ang instrumentong istatistikal sa aklat ni Robert Ebel sa pagkuha ng indices of difficulty and discrimination. Ginamit ang Pearson 's product - moment coefficient sa una at muling pagsubok. "Mean" ang qinamit sa mga iskor at ginamit ang percentile sa pagpapakahulugan ng mga nakuhang iskor. Kinuha ang bilang ng sampling sa pamamagitan ng pagtiyak sa kasapatan ng bilang ng mga mag-aaral sa pangkalahatang 1,030. Lumabas na 288 ang kinakailangang bilang ng mga mag-aaral sa naturang populasyon at ang pitong seksiyon ay may kabuuang 290 na mag-aaral. Sa pangkalahatan, pinakamarami anq mga aytem na ideyal (76 na aytem), na aytem anq tinatanggap ngunit mahirap. Sa 147 na aytem sa kabuuan, 25 aytem ang rejek. Sa 40 na aytem sa literal na dimensiyon, 13 na aytem ang rejek, anim (6) na aytem ang tinatanggap ngunit madali, isang aytem ang tinatanggap ngunit mahirap at 20 aytem ang ideyal. May 39 na aytem ang paghinuhang dimensiyon, 21 na aytem ang ideyal, 13 na aytem ang tinatanggap ngunit madali, isang (1) aytem antinatanggap ngunit mahirap at apat (4) na aytem ang rejek. May 738 na aytem ang mapanuring dimensiyon, 24 na aytem anq ideyal, anim (6) na aytem anq tinatanggap ngunit madali, apat. (4) anc tinatanggap ngunit manirap at apat (4) na aytem anq rejek. Sa paglalapat na dimensiyon ay lumabas na 11 na aytem anq ideyal at 11 na aytem ang tinatanggap bagamat madali habang apat (4) na aytem anq tinatanggap bagamat mahirap. May apat (4) na aytem ang rejek. Ginanap ang “dry-run” sa mga mag-aaral ng unang taon sa Mataas na Paaralan ng Baguio Colleges Foundation noong Disyembre 5, 1989 sa pamamagitan ng random sampling. Isinagawa ang pagsubok sa Mataas na Paaralan ng Lungsod ng Baguio sa pito (7) na seksiyon na may 290 na mag-aaral. Iniwasto ang mga talasagutan ng mga mag-aaral. Kinuha ang mga indeces of difficulty and discrimination at lumabas na 25 aytem ang rejek. Ibinigay anq muling pagsubok noong Enero 5, 1990 at iniwasto naman ang alga talasagutan ng mga mag-aaral. Kinuha ang co-efficient ng pagsubok - muling pagsubok. Muling sinuri ang pagsubok upang masagot ang mga katanungan sa pananaliksik. Pinakamataas na nakuhang iskor ng mga mag-aaraql ang 25 at ang pinakamababang iskor ay apat (4) sa literal na dimensiyon. Pinakamataas ang iskor na 24 sa paghinuhang dimensiyon at ang pinakambabang iskor ay dalawa (2) ganoon din sa mapanuring dimensiyon. Sa paglalapat na dimensiyon, pinakamataas na iskor ang 24 at ang pinakamababa ay apat (4). Batay sa kinalabasan ng pagsusuri, ang literal na dimensiyon ang pinakamataas na "mean" 14.93 ng mga iskor na nakuha ng mga mag-aaral at ang mapanuring dimensiyon ang may pinakamababang "mean" ng mga nakuhang iskor (12.59). Napakahalaga ang paqkakaroon nq pagtataya sa mga kagamitanq ipinababasa sa mga mag-aaral. Kailangang nakalilinang sa kaiSipan ng mqa mag-aaral ang mqa kagamitan. Napakahalaga rin ang pagkakaroon ng mga instrumento para sa pagsukat nq kakayahan ng mqa bata sa larangan ng pag-unawa sa binasa. Isang pangangailangan din ang pagpapadala ng mga guro sa mga seminar/workshop na may kinalaman sa programang pagbasa upanq malaman ang mga bagong palakad at matatalakay o mabigyanq kalutasan ang mga suliranin Ba pagtuturo nang sa gayon sama-samanq mapalaganap ang mqa bagong pal akad o pagbabago sa mga pamamaraan ng pagtuturo. Tungkulin ng mga gurong magpakabihasa sa pagtatanong upang mapalabas ang kritikal at mapanuring kaisipan ng mga mag-aaral sa kanilang binasa. Napakainam na bigyan ng sapat na panahon ang binasang seleksyon upang matalakay at mapag-usapang masinsinan ang binasa. Nararapat ding itugma ang mga kagamitan sa mga mag-aaral sa kanilang karanasan, kapaligiran at kaugalian upang sa gayon magiging kapaki-pakinabang at makahulugan ang pagbasa. Sa ganitong sitwasyon, mabigyan din ng kahalagahan ang binasa. Bilang panghuli, hindi rin maitatatwa anq kasahulan ng mga kagamitang pampagturo at pananaliksik sa larangan ng wikang Filipino at isang paghamon sa mga nagpapakadalubhasa sa wikang nabanggit ang pagkakaroon ng mga kagamitan lalo na sa mga maraming bahagi ng ating kapuluang pangalawang wika ang Filipino. Kailangan din ng mga administrador ang mga pag-aaral at mga surbey, mga pag-aaral na comparatibo at pagbuo ng mga kagamitan para sa "remedial reading". Matutulungan ang mga batang mahihina sa wikang Filipino at mapapayaman ang kanilang talasalitaan upang makasabay sa mga pagbabago sa larangan ng ating edukasyon na sa ngayon ay patungo na sa malawakang paggamit ng wikang Filipino anumang antas ng pag-aaral. Makakatulong ang mga pag-aara, pananaliksik at pagbuo ng mga kagamitang pampagturo at ganoon din sa "remedial reading" upang magkaroon ng katuparan ang mga isinasaan ng bagong plakad sa paggamit ng wikang Filipino sa makabagong edukasyon ng sambayang Filipino.Item Larawan ng kababaihan sa mga nobela ni Lualhati Bautista : isang pagsusuri(1991-05) Picpican, Caridad M.,Pinag-ukulan ng pagsusuri sa pag-aaral na ito ang mga nobela ni Lualhati Bautista na nagkamit ng gantimpalang Palanca upang mailantad ang mga pangyayaring nagluwal ng larawan ng kababaihan batay sa pananaw ng isang kontemporaryong nobelistang babae. Natuklasan sap ag-aaral na ang tatlong nobela ay larawan ng kani-kanilang panahon sapagkat ang bawat isa ay naglalantad ng mga pangyayari sa panahong ang mga ito ay nasualt. Ang mga pangyayaring nauugnay sa lipunan, sa pulitika at sa ekonomiya ay binigyang-buhay ng may-akda sa pamamagitan ng mga babaeng tauhan na nagpamalas ng kani-kanilang sariling larawan. Sa paglalahad at paglalarawan ng nobelista ng mga pangyayari, itinampok niya ang diwa ng pagbabago. Ang pagbabagong naganap sa kababaihan ay bunga ng mga suliranin sa limpunang kanilang ginagalawan. Ang mga suliraning ito ang nagmulat sa mga tauhan sa mga tunay na nagaganap sa kanilang kapaligiran at gumising sa kanilang kamalayan panilipunan. Sa kanilang pagkamulat, bawat isa ay kumilos upang makapag-ambag para sa pagbabago ng lipunang kanilang ginagalawan. Dahil dito, sila ay nagpakita ng kanilang sariling kaakuhan at halaga hindi lamang bilang isang mamamayan kundi bilang miyembro ng itinuturing na mahinang kasarian- ang kababaihan. Sa ganitong paraan, pinatunayan ng bawat nobela ang kahalagahan ng kababaihan sa pagbuo ng isang maunlad na lipunan na siyang isinasaad ng Artikulo II, Seksyon 14 ng Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas. Nabigyan ng mag-akda ng element ng realism ang kanyang mga nobela sa pamamagitan ng paggamit niya ng mga tunay na pangyayari sa bansa at sa pagbibigay niya sa kanyang mga piksyunal na tauhan ng kanyang sariling mga katangian o katangian ng mga ibang tao subalit sa pag-unlad ng bawat nobela, ang ang mga tauhan ay nagkaroon na ng sariling kaakuhan. Gayundin, ginamit niya ang lingua franca na nakatulong din nang Malaki upang maging makatotohanan ang pagbibigay-buhay sa kanyang mga tauhan. Sa isinagawang pag-aaral, binasa ng mananaliksik ang tatlong nobela ni Lualhati Bautista na nagkamit ng gantimpalang Palanca sa mga taong 1979-80 (‘Gapo), 1980-81. (Dekada ’70) at 1983-84 (Bata, Bata… Paano ka Ginawa?). Sa pagbabasa ng mananaliksik, binigyang pansin ang diwa ng bawat nobela, ang paglalarawan at pagbibigay-buhay ng nobelistan sa mga tauhan at ang mga pangyayaring inilahad hindi lamang sa bawal nobela kundi gayundin ang pagkakaugnay-ugnay ng mga pangyayari sa tatlong nobela. Ang ilang aklat at mga isinagawang pag-aaral na nagtataglay ng katulad na diwang matatagpuan sa mga nobela ni Lualhati Bautista ay siniyasat din ng mananaliksik para lalong maging makahulugan ang pag-aaral. Nakatulong din nang Malaki ang isinagawang pakikipanayam sa may-akda para lalong maunawaan ang kabuuan ng mga nobela at ang mahalagang kaisipan ng may-akda. Bukod sa mga nabanggit, hindi naiwasang gamitin ng mananaliksik ang ilang pagdulog sa pagsusuri sapagkat ang mga ito ay kailangan upang buong-husay na maisagawa ang pag-aaral. Dito, ginamit ng mananaliksik ang pagdulog pangkasaysayan at pamaraang sosyo-kultural sapagkat sa pamamagitan ng mga ito, ang mga makasaysayang panyayari sa bawat nobela nauugnay sa lipunan, pulitika at ekonomiya ay binigyang-kahulugan sa paniniwalang ang bawat nobela ay larawan ng kanyang panahon. Ayon sa kinalabasan ng pag-aaral, ang mga panyayaring pampulitika, panlipunan at pang-ekonomiya na inilahad sa tatlong nobela ay nakaapekto nang malaki sa mga tauhan. Ang mga pangyayari ay siyang gumising sa kamalayan ng bawat isa at nagtulak sa kanilang kumilos para sa malawakang pagbabago. Sa ganitong paraan, sila ay nagpamalas ng natatanging larawan na nagpapatunay na sila ay may napakahalagang papel na dapat gampanan para sa pagbabago at pagpapabuti ng lipunang kanilang ginagalawan. Lumalabas din sa pagsusuri na dahil sa paglalantad ng mga nobela ni Lualhati Bautista ng mga makatotohanang pangyayari na nauugnay sa mga suliraning panlipunan, maaaring mauri ang mga ito bilang panitikang nagpoprotesta. Ngunit dahil ang kanyang mga nobela ay hindi lamang naglalantad ng mga suliraning panlipunan kundi nagbibigay din ng mga solusyong makalulutas sa mga suliranin, mauuri ring panitikang rebolusyunaryo ang mga ito. Ang mga ito ang nagbigay sa mga nobela ng matinding realismo. Batay sa kinalabasan ng pag-aaral, iminumungkahi ng mananaliksik na dapat pagtuunan ng pansin at pag-aralan ang mga nobelang tumatalakas sa mga napapanahong paksa tulad ng mga suliraning panlipunan at ang pagsibol ng natatanging larawan ng kababaihan upang magising ang kamalayang panlipunan ng mga mambabasa at upang mamulat din ang kababaihan sa katotohanang sila ay namumuhay sa papel na dapat gampanan. Maaari ring magamit na material ang mga nobela ni Lualhati Bautista sa mataas na paaralan lalung0lalo na sa ikaapat na taon at sa mga asignatura sa kolehiyo upang mapahalagahan din ng mga mag-aaral ang mahalagang diwang inilahat ng mga ito. Gayundin, ang pagsusuri sa mga nobela sa ibang aspekto ay iminumungkahi upang ang katangiang pampanitikan ng mga nobela ay mailabas bilang pagpapahalaga sa mga akdang ito na nagkamit ng gantimpalang Palanca.Item Isang pagsusuri sa mga pagpapahalagang natamo sa pag-aaral ng panitikang Filipino(1995-10) Panida, Ma. Jenny P.,Ang pagsusuri sa natamong pagpapahalaga sa pag-aaral ng Panitikang Filipino ng mga mag-aaral na babae at lalaki sa Dalubhasaang BCF ang pinag-ukulan ng pag-aaral. Natuklasan sap ag-aaral na ang mga kabataang mag-aaral na babae at lalaki sa Dalubhasang BCF ay may natamong pagpapahalaga sap ag-aaral ng ispiritwal, pagpapahalaga sa katotohanan, pag-big, kalusugan, pananagutang panlipunan, pang-ekonomikong pagsasarili, nasyonalismo, at pandaigdig na pagsasarili. Ang mga pagpapahalagang nabanggit ay nakalahad din sa Balangkas ng Edukasyong pagpapahalaga ng DECS na siyang naging batayan ng talatanungang ginamit. Natuklasan na sa panahon ng kasalukuyan bilang sakop sap ag-aaral ng panitikan higit na nakatamo ng pagpapahalaga ang mag-aaral. Napag-alaman ding may makabuluhang pagkakaiba ng mga pagpapahalagang natamo ng mga mag-aaral na babae at lalaki sa iba’t ibang sakop sa pag-aaral ng panitikan. Ang kinalabasan ng pag-aaral na ito, na may pagpapahalagang natamo ang mga kabataang mag-aaral na babae at lalaki sap ag-aaral ng Panitikan ay tumutugma sa layunin ng pamahalaan ukol sa pagkampanya sa program ana pagpapabuti sa moral na nakalahad sa Proklamasyon Bilang 62 na pinagtibay ng Pangulong Fidel V. Ramos. Ito rin ay may kaugnayan sa inilahad ng seksyon 13 ng Artikulo II ng konstitusyon ng 1987 ukol sa pagkilala ng pamahalaan sa mahalagang tungkulin ng kabataan sa paghubog ng isang nasyon kaya nararapat lamang na magtaglay sila ng mga pagpapahalagang makabuluhan sa pagsasakatuparan nito. Sa isinagawang pag-aaral, tinukoy ng mananaliksik ang mga pagpapahalagang nakapaloob sa mga aralin sa mga aklat pampanitikan. Inihanda at binuo ang instrumenting ginamit upang malikom ang mga natutuhang pagpapahalaga ng mga mag-aaral sap ag-aaral ng panitikan. Inihanay sa inihandang questionnaire checklist ang mga pagpapahalaga na ibinatay sa balangkas ng edukasyong pagpapahalaga ng DECS ukol s apitong pambuod na pagpapahalaga at ang mga kaugnay na pagpapahalaga nito gayundin ang panahon ng panitikan na kinapapalooban nito. Kumuha ng sampung mag-aaral ang mananaliksik mula sa tatlong departamento sa dalubhasaang BCF na ginamit sa pagsubok at sila na rin ang kinapanayam para sa pagbabalido ng instrumento. Sa pagkuha sa mga naging tagatugon ay inalam ng mananaliksik ang talaan ng pangalan ng lahat ng mga mag-aaral sa Departamento ng Edukasyon, Sining at Agham at Komersyo na kumuha ng Panitikan sa Ikalawang Semestre ng Taong-paaralan 1994-1995. Tinuos ang tiyak na bilang ng mga naging kalahok na siyang ginamit sa malawakang pag-aaral at inihiwalay ang mga naging tugon ng mga babae at lalaking mag-aaral upang makita ang pagkakaiba ng pagpapahalagang kanilang natamo. Ginamit ang paraang random sampling sa pagkuha ng mga kalahok para sa paglikom ng mga datos at ang “lottery sampling” o “fishbowl technique” na anyo nito ang tuwirang ginamit. Inalam din ng mananaliksik ang mga instrumenting istatistikal na ginamit upang higit na madali ang pag-unawa at pagpapakahulugan sa mga nalikom na datos. Ang “mean of combined groups” ang ginamit sa pagtutuos ng pinagsamang mean ng pagpapahalaga ng babae at lalaking mag-aaral sa iba’t ibang panahong sakop sa pag-aaral ng panitikang Filipino. Ang “Spearman’s Coefficient of Correlation with Tied Ranks” naman ang ginamit sa pagtutuos ng pagkakaiba ranggo ng mga pagpapahalagang natamo sap ag-aaral ng panitikan ng mga mag-aaral na babae at lalaki. Binigyan din ng kaukulang pagpapakahulugan ang t-test sa pamamagitan ng paghahambing ng tinuos na t sa nakatalang t sa antas .05 ng pagiging makabuluhan. Pinili ang antas na ito dahil ito ang katamtamang antas na nababagay sa ginawang pag-aaral. Ayon sa kinalabasan ng pag-aaral, ang asignaturang panitikan Filipino ay mabuting lunsaran upang maipagpatuloy ang layunin ng DECS ukol sa paglinang at paghubog sa mga pagpapahalagang nakapaloob sa balangkas ng edukasyong pagpapahalaga ng DECS sa kabataan. Higit ding naikintal sa mga kabataan ang pag-ibig at pananalig sa Diyos na kailangan sa makabagong panahon. Ang kasalukuyang panahon na sakop sa pag-aaral ng panitikan ay higit na nabigyan ng pansin ng mga mag-aaral. Napag-alaman na ang pagpapahalaga sa pang-ekonomikong pagsasarili, nasyonalismo at pandaigdig na pagkakaisa ang higit na naikintal sa kanilang isipan sa panahong ito dahil ito ay may kinalaman sa realidad. Natuklasan din na may makabuluhang pagkakaiba ang pagpapahalagang natamo ng mga mag-aaral na babae at lalaki sa pag-aaral ng panitikan. Batay sa kinalabasan ng pag-aaral, iminumungkahi ng mananaliksik na kailangang higit pang maipamulat sa mga kabataang mag-aaral sa kolehiyo na ang panitikang Filipino ay isang makabuluhang asignaturang kailangan nilang pahalagahan. Dapat ding isaalang-alang ng mga guro ang kahalagahan ng pitong pambuod na pagpapahalaga na nakapaloob sa Balangkas ng Edukasyong Pagpapahalaga ng DECS. Nararapat ding panatilihin ang mga pagpapahalagang masasalamin sap ag-aaral ng panitikan lalung-lalo na ang pang-ispiritwal na kailangan ng isang makabagong panahon. Kailangan ding maging mapanuri ang mga guro sa mga gagamiting lunsarang akda at magkaroon ng malawakang pagsusuri sa mga ito. Ang “role playing” bilang paraan ng pagbabatid sa mga pagpapahalaga ay Mabuti rin. Nararapat ding ipagpatuloy na linangin sa mga kabataan ang pag-ibig sa bayan at ang pagpapahalaga sa pagtitipid. Kaialangang maipaunawa sa mga kabataan na ang mga pagpapahalagang kanilang natutuhan ay hindi maluluma at dapat lamang na manguna ang mga edukador sa pagkampanya at pagpapatibay sa programa ng pagpapabuting moral. Kailangan pa ng higit na mahabang panahon sap ag-aaral ng panitikang Filipino upang mapatnubayan ang mga kabataang kumuha nito. Ang asignaturang Filipino 2a o kontemporaryong panitikan ay nararapat lamang na maisama sa kurikulum ng lahat ng departamento sa mga dalubhasaan. Iminumungkahi ring magsafawa ng isa pang-pagaaral na naglalayong tuklasin o alamin kung nagkakasama o nagkakatugma ang teorya at pagsasagawa ukol sa mga pagpapahalagang natutuhan ng mga mag-aaral.Item Teacher expectations and student achievement in mathematics(1994-02) Doctolero, Diosdado L.,Students upon entering college have different levels of competence in mathematics whereas teachers have expectations regarding the requisite skills in math the entering college freshmen should possess. The requisite skills are categorized into six areas of concern, namely: Finding Information, t6hinking Clearly, Communicating Effectively, Understanding Man and Society, Understanding Man and Environment, and Personal Competence. The scores garnered by freshmen in the Desired Learning Competencies (DLC) test represent the student achievement. On the other hand, the ratings assigned by the math instructors on the areas of DLC denote the teacher expectation. From the foregoing premise, a study was undertaken to analyze the performances of entering BCF freshmen in an achievement test and compared the results with the expectations of math teachers along the areas of concern under DLC. The descriptive-survey method of research was adopted. The analysis on the expectations of mathematics instructors and the math entry behavior of college freshmen was based on the results of a survey questionnaire for the respondent instructors and an achievement test administered to the students. Interpretation and implications of the data along the areas of concerns under the DLC were arrived at through statistical inferences. Treatment of data included Z-test analysis of variance and the multiple range test, and Spearman rank correlation. The BCF entering freshmen did not significantly differ as to how they perform in the DLC achievement test. However, the area of concern that brought about the significant change could be attributed to personal competence. The expectation pf BCF mathematics instructors on what competencies the entering freshmen should attain significantly differ along the areas of the DLC in terms of finding information, thinking clearly, understanding man and society, and understanding man and environment. There was no significant relationship between the performances of college freshmen and the expectations of BCF math instructors under the DLC. Secondary school teachers should constantly monitor the students in their mathematics performance and instill in them the significance of the subject and its usefulness in different fields of endeavor. Mathematics instructors should reinforce lectures with more drills and assignments along the areas where with more drills and assignments along the areas where students are weak.Item The Efficacy of pesticides against spider mites (Tetranychus urticae koch) on chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium ramatuelle)(1992-04) Doctor, Teresita RubangChrysanthemum cut flower production is one of the sources of income of many local farmers in the cool regions of the country. The problem lies in the significant drop of production due to spider mite damage. These mites are difficult to control due to their rapid reproduction and their own protection and their protection underneath webs on the lower surfaces of leaves. Since these plants are reared for their aesthetic value, prompt and thorough protection is needed. The most practical means of control is the use of pesticide sprays. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of these pesticides on mites, which will serve as a guide for local farmers. The study aimed to find out the best pesticide against spider mites on Chrysanthemum morifolium. The subproblems are: (1) Is there a significant effect of the five pesticides namely Dicarzol, Vydate, Tedion, Kelthane and Karate against spider mites on Chrysanthemum morifolium? (2) Is there a significant difference in the effect of the five pesticides namely Dicarzol, Vydate, Tedion, Kelthane and Karate against spider mites on Chrysanthemum morifolium? (3) Is there a significant difference in the effect of the five pesticides against spider mites on Chrysanthemum morifolium varieties Taiwan yellow, Bangkok yellow and Spider white? (4) Is there a significant interaction and effect of the variety of the chrysanthemum and the pesticide against spider mites? This study made use of the experimental method of research using split plot in completely random design (CRD). The experiment started on October 21, 1991 and lasted until December 5, 1991 at the Baguio National Crop Research and Development Center, Baguio City, The data gathered were mite count a day before and after application of the pesticides for three-week, two-week and one-week intervals. The analysis of variance for split plot in completely random design was used to test the variety treatments, the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to find out which among the treatments differed significantly from each other. There was a highly significant effect of the pesticides against spider miters on chrysanthemum morifolium. There was a significant difference in the effect of the five pesticides against spider mites on Chrysanthemum morifolium. However, Kelthane, Karate and Dicarzol did not differ significantly in their effect in the control of mite population. There was no significant difference in the effect of the pesticides against spider mites on varieties Taiwan yellow, Bangkok yellow, and spider white. There was no significant interaction effect of the variety of the chrysanthemum and the pesticide against spider mites. The use of the pesticides against spider mites sharply reduces the mite population on chrysanthemum plants below the untreated check. The efficacy of the pesticides against spider mites are significantly different from each other. Kelthane held a great potential in the control of mites. Dizcarzol and Karate were also as effective. Tedion was not so effective but has been found to have low toxicity to mammals. The variety of the chrysanthemum morifolium did not affect the efficacy of the pesticides against spider mites. Kelthance, a German product, should be introduced to local manufacturers in the Philippines for easy access to local farmers. Spraying at every two week interval is recommended until flowers emerge. The use of pesticides against spider mites is recommended until biological control is introduced. Students and researchers in the field should make follow-up research using another period of the year especially during the hot months. Similar researchers on other crops could also be done.Item Classroom interaction at the college of arts and sciences Benguet State University, 1991-1992(1992) Lacamento, Elizabeth M.This study is classroom interaction conducted at College of Arts and Sciences, Benguet State University during the first semester of school year 1991-1992. it aimed to answer the following questions: 1. What is the amount of teacher and student talk in the college freshman classes? 2. What are the factors perceived to enhance/promote classroom interaction along: a. Methodologies used by the teacher. b. Nature of subject matter. c. Teaching experience d. Teacher behavior-attitude to promote positive atmosphere perceived by students. A total of 25 freshman classes consisting of 959 students were observed from the colleges of: Applied Engineering and Technology. Home Economics and Technology, Teacher Education, Forestry, Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. The students' performance in the classroom (student talk) in a 60-minute period was recorded and evaluated based on the following scale: high (35-50 min), medium (18-34 min), and low (1-17min). At the end of the observation period, the students were given questionnaires to rate their teachers' behavior-attitude in promoting positive atmosphere in the classroom. Twenty-five freshman instructors, five from each department were chosen as subjects for observation in Biology, Chemistry, English, Mathematics and Social, Science. Teacher talk was recorded and evaluated as high (35-50 min), medium (1B-34 min), and low (1-17 min). Data on teaching experience, nature of subject and methods used in teaching were also gathered in relation to classroom interaction. Results revealed the following: 1. The amount of teacher and student talk in the classroom is medium. 2. The most common methods used to promote classroom interaction were lecture and answer method, lecture with discussion and lecture with inductive method. 3. Teaching experience and nature of subject matter did not relate to the amount of student talk in the classroom. 4. Personal characteristics were rated almost-always on personal qualities, ability to establish rapport and ability to communicate. Teachers were rated almost-always or classroom management, Questioning, maintenance of interest while their rating on involvement and encouragement of learners was varied ranging from almost-always to seldom. From the above findings, the following conclusion are put forward: 1. Students are given little time to participate in class discussion due to long period of teacher's lecture and limited methodologies. 2. Methodologies used, nature of subject matter and the teacher's experience are not related to classroom interaction. 3. Teacher's behavior and attitude as perceived by students along personal characteristic and pedagogical role are important factors in promoting better student participation in the classroom. It is recommended that teachers provide more time for students to talk during class discussion, explore varied methods/strategies to promote more involvement and encouragement of learners, and conduct a follow-up study with variables based on evaluative categories.Item Tolstoy's application of his theory of infection in his selected short stories(1999-04) Padawil, Virginia Tambol.The study entitled, Tolstoy’s Application of his Theory of Infection in his selected short stories, aimed at answering the following questions: Firstly, what is theory infection? Secondly, what are the socio-cultural and historical factors that influenced Tolstoy’s formulation of his theory of art- the Theory of Infection? Thirdly, how does Tolstoy depict his Theory of Infection in his selected short stories? The study dealt mainly on Tolstoy’s theory of infection, factors that influenced him to formulate such, and how he depicted this in his selected short stories. A critical analysis of the selected short stories was done with the use of library research. The formalistic, sociological, psychological, and historical approaches were used in the study. The paper was divided into the following parts: The first chapter served as the background of the study. It contained the theoretical framework, the problem and the other regular vital parts namely the scope and delimitation of the study, the definition of terms and the significance of the research. The second chapter presented the studies relation to the study. The third chapter explained the methodology, design and procedures used by the researcher in the study. The fourth chapter was the presentation, analysis, and discussion of Tolstoy’s Theory of Infection- application to his selected short stories. It focused its discussion on the following: it gave the meaning of the Theory of Infection; it identified the factors which influenced Tolstoy to formulate his theory; and it discussed how the author depicted this theory of infection to his selected short stories through the use of character and characterization, theme and thematic designs, images and character symbols as the bases for analysis. The fifth chapter presented the summary, findings, conclusions, and recommendations. 1. The socio-economic conditions existent during Tolstoy’s life are still true today. Such socio-economic conditions are poverty, elitism, existence of tenants, and the big gap between the rich and the poor. 2. The stories of Tolstoy echo universal truths, such as the power of love, the futility of excessive jealousy, and the generative quality of death. 3. These short stories do not only delight but also satirize societal conditions of that era. 4. The characters and themes project down-to-earth realities. 1. The theory of infection is the impact of the whole story on the reader. Such an impact brings about varied reactions from the reader as the reader feels how the author has felt when the prose was written. 2. Socio-cultural conditions such as poverty, abuse of power, and low moral fabrique of his times have greatly influenced Tolstoy’s formulation of his Theory of Infection. 3. To depict this theory in his stories, Tolstoy used the following literary techniques: character and characterization, themes and thematic designs, and the use of images and character symbols. 1. The following studies may be of interest to future researchers: a. A parallelism on Tolstoy and Mahatma Gandhi b. Tolstoy’s “The Kingdom of God is Within Us” and modern morality c. Beyond text: a study on though and learning in Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina. 2. Literary criticism on other works of Tolstoy may also be worked on. 3. Incorporation of Tolstoy’s philosophical writings in the tertiary level of education.Item Concepts of man in the ballads of Simon and Garfunkel(1992-01) Pio, Sario T.There is literature in songs, the lyrics of a song qualifies it as one. On the other hand, ballads as work of the literature can be seen as a means to understand man. Man can be understood from different perspectives as shown in the ballads of Simon and Gurfunkal. He can be perceived as a social, an existential, a psychological, a spiritual and a rational being. Manifestations of these concepts of man are made possible by the political, social, historical and economic milieus where the individual belongs. A ballad is not to be considered a literary work if it merely communicates ideas of man and other social realities confronting him. A literary work should remain true to its identity as a work of art, thus how the content of these ballads are artistically communicated count much. In the ballads of Simon and Garfunkel, it was able to artistically depict the different concepts of man via the use of the following literary techniques: (1) imagery (2) symbolism; (3) use of refrain; (4) repetition; and (5) figurative language. Four literary approaches which include psychological, analytical, thematic, socio-historical and socio-biographical approaches were made use of to unravel the literary quality of the ballads. The paper was divided into the following parts: The first chapter gave the theoretical framework of the study, introduced the problem, presented the scope and delimitation of the study, defined the terms, and presented the significant of the study. The fourth chapter was the analysis of Simon and Garfunkel’s ballads. The chapter classified the ballads according to subjects tackled. The subjects on the ballads were on estrangement, escape mechanism, change, human relationships, discrimination, pretense, quest and choices. The different personae and characters in the ballads of Simon and Garfunkel are all mirrors to the different concepts of man; that is, man as a social, psychological, rational and existential being. Moreover, the different personae and characters in the ballads proved that man’s being is compartmentalized but when he functions, he functions as a whole using the different compartments of his being. Also, the ballads studied focused on the following subjects: change, discrimination, human relationships, indifference, pretense, quest, escape mechanism, choices and estrangement. On the other hand, the socio-economic, political, historical, and psychological milieus are the different factors that stimulated the personae and characters in the ballads of Simon and Garfunkel to manifest specific attitudes and reactions. Finally, imagery, symbolism, use of refrain, repetition and figurative language were utilized in the ballads to characterize man. This study concentrated on the analysis of man in the ballads studied. It is therefore recommended that other studies be made on the ballads of Simon and Garfunkel as focused on the use of thematic designs. It is further recommended that similar studies be conducted on the different songs by different composers focusing on thematic patterns.Item The Oral facility of BCF senior mass communication students in english(1999-08) Estepa, Filipina RilleraaIt is a fact that some students are deficient in English language development wherein the student who is less articulate uses less varied vocabulary than the proficient student. This means that the individual with an immature approach to language is less prepared intellectually and emotionally to take in the verbal interchange which is the way of life in a typical classroom. It is with this notion that the study focused on the oral facility level of the BCF senior Mass Communication students with the mindset that these students belonging to the higher years can handle more complex sentences and more abstract content to which their verbal expression is fluent, definite and clear as compared to the lower years. This study provides a clear and definite picture in considering not only what the structure of language is but also how the oral facility level of the students with its correlational relationship to gender, grade point average in basic English language and perceived factors affecting oral facility relate to communication skills. This study also upholds that in verbal learning, the human subject is an active organism whose entering behavior significantly determines the course of his capabilities. 1. The level of oral facility of senior Mass Communication students on the various criteria measured is situated on the very satisfactory level, obtaining an overall mean of 3.71. 2. Selected variables yielded the following results as far as its influence or relationship to oral facility is concerned. a. There is a significant relationship between the grade point average and oral facility of senior Mass Communication students and the obtained grade point average of senior Mass Communication students is 2.30 situated in the average level. b. There is no significant difference in the obtained grade point average among the respondents but the females registered a slightly higher grade point average, 2.24, than the males who obtained 2.35. 3. The perceived factors influencing oral facility of senior Mass Communication students are ranked as follows: 1) exposure to media work such as print and broadcasting, etc.; 2) verbal skills and abilities, 3) interaction with people, and 4) intelligence. Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are forwarded: 1. Mass Communication senior students are orally proficient. 2. A significant relationship between grade point average and oral facility exists. 3. Oral facility of senior Mass Communication students is influenced by several perceived factors. This study recognizes that speech influences much of human behavior. The need to undertake conscious effort to continuously understand the gift of language is in place. The researcher forwards the following recommendations: 1. Changes in the Mass Communication curriculum be undertaken where English teachers must adopt a teaching method on vocabulary usage; the inductive method - the modern way. 2. Since the study manifested relationships/ influences between selected variables and oral facility, the following are in place: a. The grade point average in Basic English subjects should be used as a leverage among faculty advisers in the Mass Communication area in determining students who will best benefit from the course. The instructors assigned in handling Basic English must be experts in the field to ensure quality instruction. Instructors in English subjects must have at least one year experience in teaching English subjects or must have attended current seminars in English teaching and project enough skill and knowledge. b. English programs should be geared to the achievement of communicative competence, taking account of institutional needs, the students' needs and abilities and the realities of our time. While there has been no registered significant differences in language capabilities according to gender, it would he relevant to create programs attentive to language difficulties as it would suit the needs of female and male students. c. Training modules in honing the oral facility of Mass Communication students be seriously considered. d. The Mass Communication program must be experiential in orientation. The use of the verbal aptitude test administered by the Guidance Center in screening students for admission should be maximized. 3. A replication of this study shall be undertaken, with the endorsement that further focus on the possible influence of place of origin and socio-cultural background be considered. This study further recognizes the need to provide continuous training for language/English teachers in the elementary and high school levels with special focus on a gender fair language.